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Ukungcola kwe-Cadmium (Cd) kubeka engcupheni ekutshalweni kwesitshalo semithi i-Panax notoginseng eSifundazweni saseYunnan. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezeleka kwe-Cd yangaphandle, kwenziwa ucwaningo lwensimu ukuze kuqondwe umphumela wokusetshenziswa kwe-lime (0.750, 2250 kanye no-3750 kg bm-2) kanye ne-oxalic acid spray (0, 0.1 kanye no-0.2 mol l-1) ekuqongeleleni kwe-Cd. kanye nesenzo se-antioxidant. Izakhi zesistimu nezokwelapha ezithinta i-Panax notoginseng. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi ukufafaza i-quicklime kanye ne-foliar nge-oxalic acid kungakhuphula amazinga e-Ca2+ ku-Panax notoginseng ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwe-Cd futhi kunciphise ubuthi be-Cd2+. Ukwengezwa kwe-lime kanye ne-oxalic acid kwandisa umsebenzi wama-enzyme e-antioxidant futhi kwashintsha i-metabolism yama-osmoregulators. Umsebenzi we-CAT wanda kakhulu, wanda izikhathi ezingu-2.77. Umsebenzi ophezulu kakhulu we-SOD wanda izikhathi ezingu-1.78 lapho welashwa nge-oxalic acid. Okuqukethwe kwe-MDA kwehle ngo-58.38%. Kukhona ubudlelwano obubaluleke kakhulu noshukela oncibilikayo, i-amino acid yamahhala, i-proline, kanye neprotheyini encibilikayo. I-lime kanye ne-oxalic acid kungandisa ama-ion e-calcium (Ca2+), kwehlise i-Cd, kuthuthukise ukubekezelela ukucindezeleka ku-Panax notoginseng, futhi kwandise ukukhiqizwa kwama-saponins aphelele kanye nama-flavonoid. Okuqukethwe kwe-Cd kwakuphansi kakhulu, kuphansi ngo-68.57% kunasekulawulweni, okuhambisana nenani elijwayelekile (Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, GB/T 19086-2008). Ingxenye ye-SPN yayingu-7.73%, eyafinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu lokwelashwa ngakunye, kanti okuqukethwe kwama-flavonoid kwanda kakhulu ngo-21.74%, kwafinyelela inani elijwayelekile lomuthi kanye nesivuno esihle kakhulu.
I-Cadmium (Cd), njengento evame ukungcolisa enhlabathini etshaliwe, ifuduka kalula futhi inobuthi obukhulu bezinto eziphilayo1. U-El ​​Shafei nabanye 2 babike ukuthi ubuthi be-Cd buthinta ikhwalithi kanye nokukhiqiza kwezitshalo ezisetshenziswayo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, isimo se-cadmium eningi enhlabathini yezwe elitshaliwe eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeShayina sesibe sibi kakhulu. Isifundazwe saseYunnan singuMbuso Wezinto Eziphilayo waseShayina, lapho izinhlobo zezitshalo zokwelapha ziqala khona ezweni. Kodwa-ke, izinsiza zamaminerali ezicebile zeSifundazwe saseYunnan ziholela ekungcoleni kwensimbi esindayo enhlabathini ngesikhathi senqubo yokumba, okuthinta ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo zokwelapha zasendaweni.
I-Panax notoginseng (Burkill) i-Chen3 iyisitshalo esiyigugu kakhulu semithi yamakhambi esihlala isikhathi eside esiyingxenye yohlobo lwe-Araliaceae i-Panax ginseng. Impande ye-Panax notoginseng ikhuthaza ukujikeleza kwegazi, iqeda ukuqina kwegazi futhi inciphise ubuhlungu. Indawo eyinhloko yokukhiqiza yiWenshan Prefecture, eSifundazweni saseYunnan 5. Ukungcola kwe-Cd kwakukhona endaweni engaphezu kuka-75% yomhlabathi endaweni yokutshala ye-Panax notoginseng futhi kwadlula u-81-100% ezindaweni ezahlukene6. Umphumela onobuthi we-Cd uphinde unciphise kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye zokwelapha ze-Panax notoginseng, ikakhulukazi ama-saponins nama-flavonoid. Ama-Saponins ayisigaba sama-aglycones, phakathi kwawo ama-aglycones angama-triterpenoids noma ama-spirosteranes, okuyizithako eziyinhloko ezisebenzayo zemithi eminingi yamakhambi aseShayina futhi aqukethe ama-saponins. Amanye ama-saponins nawo anemisebenzi ebalulekile yebhayoloji njengomsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane, umsebenzi wokulwa nokuvuvukala, wokudambisa kanye nowokulwa nomdlavuza7. Ama-Flavonoid ngokuvamile abhekisela ochungechungeni lwamakhemikhali lapho izindandatho ezimbili ze-benzene ezinamaqembu e-phenolic hydroxyl zixhunyaniswa ngama-athomu amathathu ekhabhoni ephakathi, kanti umongo oyinhloko yi-2-phenylchromanone 8. Iyi-antioxidant enamandla, engasusa ngempumelelo ama-radicals amahhala e-oxygen ezitshalweni, ivimbele ukuphuma kwama-enzyme ebhayoloji okuvuvukala, ikhuthaze ukuphulukiswa kwamanxeba nokuqeda ubuhlungu, futhi yehlise amazinga e-cholesterol. Ingenye yezithako ezisebenzayo eziyinhloko ze-Panax Ginseng. Ukuxazulula inkinga yokungcoliswa kwenhlabathi nge-cadmium ezindaweni zokukhiqiza ze-Panax notoginseng kuyisimo esidingekayo sokuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye zayo eziyinhloko zokwelapha.
I-Lime ingenye yezindlela ezivamile zokulungisa ukungcola kwenhlabathi ye-cadmium endaweni. Ithinta ukumuncwa kanye nokufakwa kwe-Cd enhlabathini futhi inciphisa umsebenzi webhayoloji we-Cd enhlabathini ngokwandisa i-pH nokushintsha umthamo wokushintshana kwenhlabathi (CEC), ukugcwala kosawoti womhlabathi (BS), amandla okubuyisela i-soil redox (Eh)3,11 ukusebenza kahle. . Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-lime inikeza inani elikhulu le-Ca2+, elakha ukuphikisana kwe-ionic ne-Cd2+, incintisana nezindawo zokumuncwa kwezimpande, ivimbele ukuthuthwa kwe-Cd iye ehlumela, futhi inobuthi obuphansi bebhayoloji. Ngokungezwa kwe-50 mmol l-1 Ca ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwe-Cd, ukuthuthwa kwe-Cd emaqabunga e-sesame kwavinjelwa futhi ukuqongelela kwe-Cd kwancishiswa ngo-80%. Izifundo eziningi ezihlobene zibikiwe ngerayisi (i-Oryza sativa L.) nezinye izitshalo12,13.
Ukufutha amaqabunga ezitshalweni ukulawula ukuqongelela kwezinsimbi ezisindayo kuyindlela entsha yokubhekana nezinsimbi ezisindayo eminyakeni yamuva nje. Lo mgomo uhlobene kakhulu nokusabela kwe-chelation kumaseli ezitshalo, okubangela ukuthi izinsimbi ezisindayo zibekwe odongeni lweseli futhi kuvimbele ukumuncwa kwezinsimbi ezisindayo yizitshalo14,15. Njenge-ejenti ezinzile ye-dicarboxylic acid chelating, i-oxalic acid ingashelela ngqo ama-ion ensimbi ezisindayo ezitshalweni, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise ubuthi. Izifundo zibonise ukuthi i-oxalic acid kuma-soya ingashelela i-Cd2+ futhi ikhulule amakristalu aqukethe i-Cd ngamaseli e-trichome apical, inciphise amazinga e-Cd2+ emzimbeni16. I-oxalic acid ingalawula i-pH yomhlabathi, inyuse imisebenzi ye-superoxide dismutase (SOD), i-peroxidase (POD), kanye ne-catalase (CAT), futhi ilawule ukungena koshukela oncibilikayo, iphrotheni encibilikayo, ama-amino acid amahhala, kanye ne-proline. Ama-modulators e-Metabolic 17,18. Izinto ezi-asidi kanye ne-Ca2+ eningi ezitshalweni ze-oxalate zakha i-calcium oxalate precipitates ngaphansi kwesenzo samaprotheni egciwane. Ukulawulwa kokuhlushwa kwe-Ca2+ ezitshalweni kungalawula ngempumelelo i-oxalic acid encibilikisiwe kanye ne-Ca2+ ezitshalweni futhi kugweme ukunqwabelana ngokweqile kwe-oxalic acid kanye ne-Ca2+19,20.
Inani likalamula elisetshenziswayo lingenye yezinto ezibalulekile ezithinta umphumela wokubuyiselwa. Kutholakale ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kukalamula kuphakathi kuka-750 kuya ku-6000 kg·h·m−2. Enhlabathini ene-acidic ene-pH 5.0-5.5, umphumela wokusetshenziswa kukalamula ngesilinganiso esingu-3000-6000 kg·h·m-2 wawuphakeme kakhulu kunesilinganiso esingu-750 kg·h·m-221. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kukalamula kuzobangela imiphumela emibi enhlabathini, njengezinguquko ezinkulu ku-pH yenhlabathi kanye nokuminyana kwenhlabathi22. Ngakho-ke, sibeka amazinga okwelashwa kwe-CaO njengo-0, 750, 2250 kanye no-3750 kg·h·m−2. Lapho i-oxalic acid isetshenziswa ku-Arabidopsis, i-Ca2+ yatholakala ukuthi yehle kakhulu ku-10 mM L-1, kanti umndeni wezakhi zofuzo ze-CRT othonya isignali ye-Ca2+ wawusabela kakhulu20. Ukuqongelela kwezinye izifundo zangaphambilini kusivumele ukuthi sinqume ukuhlushwa kwalolu vivinyo futhi siqhubeke nokufunda ukusebenzisana kwezithasiselo zangaphandle ku-Ca2+ kanye ne-Cd2+23,24,25. Ngakho-ke, lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuphenya indlela yokulawula yemiphumela yokusetshenziswa kwe-lime yangaphakathi kanye nokufuthwa kwe-oxalic acid ngamahlamvu kokuqukethwe kwe-Cd kanye nokubekezelela ukucindezeleka kwe-Panax notoginseng enhlabathini engcolile ye-Cd, kanye nokuhlola izindlela ezinhle kakhulu nezindlela zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yezokwelapha. Phuma ku-Panax notoginseng. Inikeza ulwazi olubalulekile lokuqondisa ukwanda kokutshalwa kwezitshalo ezitshalweni enhlabathini engcolile ye-cadmium kanye nokuhlinzekwa komkhiqizo osezingeni eliphezulu, oqhubekayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo semakethe semithi.
Kusetshenziswa uhlobo lwendawo iWenshan notoginseng njengezinto ezibonakalayo, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kwensimu eLannizhai (24°11′N, 104°3′E, ukuphakama okungu-1446m), eQiubei County, eWenshan Prefecture, eSifundazweni saseYunnan. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lonyaka lingu-17°C kanti imvula ejwayelekile yonyaka ingu-1250 mm. Amanani angemuva enhlabathi efundwayo: TN 0.57 g kg-1, TP 1.64 g kg-1, TC 16.31 g kg-1, RH 31.86 g kg-1, i-alkaline hydrolyzed N 88.82 mg kg -1, esebenza kahle i-P 18.55. mg kg-1, iyatholakala i-K 100.37 mg kg-1, i-Cd ephelele ingu-0.3 mg kg-1 kanye ne-pH 5.4.
Ngomhlaka-10 Disemba, kwafakwa u-6 mg/kg Cd2+ (CdCl2 2.5H2O) kanye ne-lime (0.750, 2250 kanye no-3750 kg h m-2) futhi kwaxutshwa nenhlabathi engaphezulu engu-0–10 cm endaweni ngayinye, ngo-2017. Ukwelashwa ngakunye kwaphindwa izikhathi ezi-3. Izindawo zokuhlola zatholakala ngokungahleliwe, indawo yendawo ngayinye yayingu-3 m2. Izithombo ze-Panax notoginseng ezinonyaka owodwa zatshalwa kabusha ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-15 zokutshala enhlabathini. Uma kusetshenziswa amanethi omthunzi, ukukhanya kwe-Panax notoginseng endaweni yomthunzi cishe kungama-18% wokukhanya kwemvelo okuvamile. Khulisa ngokwezindlela zokukhula zendabuko zendawo. Esigabeni sokuvuthwa kwe-Panax notoginseng ngo-2019, i-oxalic acid izofuthwa njenge-sodium oxalate. Ukuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid kwakungu-0, 0.1 kanye no-0.2 mol l-1, ngokulandelana, kanti i-pH yalungiswa yaba ngu-5.16 nge-NaOH ukuze ilingise i-pH evamile ye-debris filtrate. Futha izindawo ezingaphezulu nezingezansi zamaqabunga kanye ngesonto ngo-8 ekuseni. Ngemva kokufutha izikhathi ezine, izitshalo ze-Panax notoginseng ezineminyaka emi-3 ubudala zavunwa ngesonto lesi-5.
NgoNovemba 2019, izitshalo zePanax notoginseng ezineminyaka emithathu ubudala eziphathwe nge-oxalic acid zaqoqwa ensimini. Amanye amasampula ezitshalo zePanax notoginseng ezineminyaka emithathu ubudala ukuze zihlolwe ukuthi zisebenza kahle yini emzimbeni kanye nomsebenzi we-enzyme afakwa emapayipini efriji, aqandiswe ngokushesha ku-nitrogen ewuketshezi, bese edluliselwa esiqandisini ku--80°C. Ingxenye yesigaba sokuvuthwa kumele inqunywe kumasampula ezimpande ukuze kutholakale i-Cd kanye nokuqukethwe kwesithako esisebenzayo. Ngemva kokugezwa ngamanzi ompompi, yomise ku-105°C imizuzu engama-30, ubambe isisindo ku-75°C bese ugaya amasampula ku-mortar. gcina.
Kala amasampula ezitshalo ezomisiwe angu-0.2 g ebhodleleni le-Erlenmeyer, engeza i-HNO3 engu-8 ml kanye ne-HClO4 engu-2 ml kanye ne-stopper ubusuku bonke. Ngosuku olulandelayo, i-funnel enentamo egobile ifakwa ebhodleleni elingunxantathu ukuze kubole i-electrothermal kuze kuvele intuthu emhlophe futhi isixazululo sokubola sicace. Ngemva kokupholisa kufike ekushiseni kwegumbi, ingxube idluliselwe ebhodleleni elingu-10 ml le-volumetric. Okuqukethwe kwe-Cd kunqunywe ku-spectrometer yokumunca i-atomic (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA). (GB/T 23739-2009).
Kala amasampula ezitshalo ezomisiwe angu-0.2 g ebhodleleni lepulasitiki elingu-50 ml, engeza u-10 ml we-1 mol l-1 HCL, uvale bese ushukumisa amahora angu-15 bese uhlunga. Usebenzisa i-pipette, dweba inani elidingekayo le-filtrate ukuze uthole ukuncibilika okufanele bese ufaka isixazululo se-SrCl2 ukuze ulethe ukuhlushwa kwe-Sr2+ ku-1 g L–1. Okuqukethwe kwe-Ca kunqunywe kusetshenziswa i-atomic absorption spectrometer (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA).
I-Malondialdehyde (MDA), i-superoxide dismutase (SOD), i-peroxidase (POD), kanye nendlela yekhithi yokubhekisela ye-catalase (CAT) (DNM-9602, Beijing Pulang New Technology Co., Ltd., inombolo yokubhalisa umkhiqizo), sebenzisa ikhithi yokukala ehambisanayo: Jingyaodianji (quasi) word 2013 No. 2400147).
Kala u-0.05 g wesampula ye-Panax notoginseng bese ufaka i-anthrone-sulfuric acid reagent eceleni kwepayipi. Shukumisa ipayipi imizuzwana emi-2-3 ukuze uhlanganise kahle uketshezi. Beka ipayipi endaweni yokubeka ipayipi yokuhlola imizuzu eyi-15. Okuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo kunqunywe kusetshenziswa i-UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) kubude be-wavelength obungu-620 nm.
Kala u-0.5 g wesampula entsha ye-Panax notoginseng, uyigaye ibe yi-homogenate ne-5 ml yamanzi acwengekile kanye ne-centrifuge ku-10,000 g imizuzu eyi-10. Nciphisa i-supernatant ibe yivolumu eqondile. Kusetshenziswe indlela ye-Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Okuqukethwe kweprotheyini encibilikayo kunqunywe kusetshenziswa i-spectrophotometry ezindaweni ze-ultraviolet nezibonakalayo ze-spectrum (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) ku-wavelength engu-595 nm futhi kubalwa kusukela ku-standard curve ye-bovine serum albumin.
Kala isampula entsha engu-0.5 g, engeza i-5 ml ye-acetic acid engu-10% ukuze ugaye futhi uhlanganise kahle, uhlunge bese uncibilikisa ibe yivolumu engaguquki. Indlela ye-Chromogenic usebenzisa isixazululo se-ninhydrin. Okuqukethwe kwama-amino acid amahhala kunqunywe yi-ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) ku-wavelength engu-570 nm futhi kubalwa kusukela ku-standard leucine curve.
Kala u-0.5 g wesampula entsha, engeza u-5 ml wesisombululo esingu-3% se-sulfosalicylic acid, ufudumale emanzini bese ushukumisa imizuzu eyi-10. Ngemva kokupholisa, isixazululo sahlungwa futhi sancibilikiswa saba yivolumu engaguquki. Kwasetshenziswa indlela ye-acid ninhydrin chromogenic. Okuqukethwe kwe-proline kwanqunywa yi-UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) kubude be-wavelength obungu-520 nm futhi kwabalwa kusukela ku-proline standard curve.
Okuqukethwe kwama-saponins kunqunywe yi-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) ngokuhambisana ne-Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (uhlelo luka-2015). Isimiso esiyisisekelo se-HPLC ukusebenzisa uketshezi olunomfutho ophezulu njengesigaba esihambayo nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa obusebenza kahle kakhulu kukholomu yesigaba esimile yezinhlayiya ezi-ultrafine. Amakhono okusebenza alandelayo:
Izimo ze-HPLC kanye nokuhlolwa kokufaneleka kwesistimu (Ithebula 1): Ukususwa kwe-gradient kwenziwa ngokwethebula elilandelayo, kusetshenziswa i-silica gel eboshwe ne-octadecylsilane njengesigcwalisi, i-acetonitrile njengesigaba esihambayo A, amanzi njengesigaba esihambayo B, kanti ubude be-detection wavelength babungu-203 nm. Inani lezinkomishi zethiyori ezibalwe kusukela ku-R1 peak yama-Panax notoginseng saponins kufanele okungenani libe ngu-4000.
Ukulungiswa kwesisombululo sokubhekisela: Kala ngokunembile ama-ginsenosides Rg1, ama-ginsenosides Rb1 kanye nama-notoginsenosides R1, engeza i-methanol ukuze uthole isisombululo esixubile se-0.4 mg ginsenoside Rg1, 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rb1 kanye ne-0.1 mg notoginsenoside R1 nge-ml.
Ukulungiselela isixazululo sokuhlola: Kala u-0.6 g wempuphu ye-Sanxin bese ufaka u-50 ml we-methanol. Ingxube yalinganiswa (W1) yashiywa ubusuku bonke. Isixazululo esixubile sabe sesibiliswa kancane emanzini okugeza ku-80° C. amahora ama-2. Ngemva kokupholisa, kala isixazululo esixubile bese ufaka i-methanol ephumayo esisindweni sokuqala se-W1. Bese unyakazisa kahle bese uhlunga. I-filtrate yashiywa ukuze kutholakale.
Okuqukethwe kwe-saponin kwamuncwa ngokunembile yi-10 µl yesisombululo esijwayelekile kanye ne-10 µl ye-filtrate futhi kwafakwa ku-HPLC (Thermo HPLC-ultimate 3000, Seymour Fisher Technology Co., Ltd.)24.
Ijika elijwayelekile: ukunqunywa kwesisombululo esijwayelekile esihlanganisiwe se-Rg1, Rb1, R1, izimo ze-chromatography ziyafana nalezo ezingenhla. Bala ijika elijwayelekile ngendawo yesiqongo esilinganisiwe ku-y-axis kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-saponin esixazululweni esijwayelekile ku-abscissa. Faka indawo yesiqongo esilinganisiwe sesampula kujika elijwayelekile ukuze ubale ukuhlushwa kwe-saponin.
Kala isampula engu-0.1 g ye-P. notogensings bese ufaka u-50 ml wesisombululo se-70% CH3OH. Faka i-Sonicate amahora ama-2, bese ufaka i-centrifuge ku-4000 rpm imizuzu eyi-10. Thatha u-1 ml we-supernatant bese uyincibilikisa izikhathi eziyi-12. Okuqukethwe kwama-flavonoid kunqunywe yi-ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) ku-wavelength engu-249 nm. I-Quercetin iyisithako esijwayelekile esitholakala ngobuningi.
Idatha yahlelwa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-Excel 2010. Ukuhlaziywa kokwehluka kwedatha kwahlolwa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-SPSS Statistics 20. Isithombe esidwetshwe yi-origin Pro 9.1. Izibalo ezibaliwe zifaka phakathi ukuphambuka okujwayelekile ±. Izitatimende zokubaluleka kwezibalo zisekelwe ku-P<0.05.
Uma kufefa amahlamvu ngesilinganiso esifanayo se-oxalic acid, okuqukethwe yi-Ca ezimpandeni ze-Panax notoginseng kwanda kakhulu ngokusetshenziswa kwe-lime okwandayo (Ithebula 2). Uma kuqhathaniswa nokungafakwa kwe-lime, okuqukethwe yi-Ca kwanda ngo-212% ku-3750 kg ppm lime ngaphandle kwe-oxalic acid spray. Ngesilinganiso esifanayo sokusetshenziswa kwe-lime, okuqukethwe yi-calcium kwanda kancane ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-oxalic acid efuthwe ngayo.
Okuqukethwe kwe-Cd ezimpandeni kwahlukahluka kusuka ku-0.22 kuya ku-0.70 mg/kg. Ngesikhathi esifanayo sokufutha kwe-oxalic acid, okuqukethwe kwe-2250 kg hm-2 Cd kwehle kakhulu ngokwenyuka kwesilinganiso sokusebenzisa i-lime. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula, lapho kufutha izimpande nge-2250 kg gm-2 lime kanye ne-0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, okuqukethwe kwe-Cd kwehle ngo-68.57%. Uma kusetshenziswa ngaphandle kwe-lime kanye ne-750 kg hm-2 lime, okuqukethwe kwe-Cd ezimpandeni ze-Panax notoginseng kwehle kakhulu ngokwenyuka kokufutha kwe-oxalic acid. Ngokufakwa kwe-2250 kg ye-lime gm-2 kanye ne-3750 kg ye-lime gm-2, okuqukethwe kwe-Cd ezimpandeni kwaqala kwehla kwabe sekukhula ngokwenyuka kokuhlutha kwe-oxalic acid. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziywa kwe-2D kubonise ukuthi okuqukethwe yi-Ca empandeni ye-Panax notoginseng kuthinteke kakhulu yi-lime (F = 82.84**), okuqukethwe yi-Cd empandeni ye-Panax notoginseng kuthinteke kakhulu yi-lime (F = 74.99**) kanye ne-oxalic acid. (F = 74.99**). F = 7.72*).
Njengoba izinga lokusetshenziswa kwe-lime kanye nokuhlushwa kokufuthwa nge-oxalic acid landa kakhulu, okuqukethwe kwe-MDA kwehle kakhulu. Akukho mehluko obalulekile otholakale kokuqukethwe kwe-MDA phakathi kwezimpande ze-Panax notoginseng eziphathwe nge-lime kanye ne-3750 kg g/m2 lime. Ngamazinga okusetshenziswa angu-750 kg hm-2 kanye no-2250 kg hm-2 lime, okuqukethwe kwe-MDA ku-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid lapho kufuthwa kwakungu-58.38% kanye no-40.21% ngaphansi kunaku-oxalic acid engafuthwanga, ngokulandelana. Okuqukethwe kwe-MDA (7.57 nmol g-1) kwakuphansi kakhulu lapho kungezwa i-750 kg ye-hm-2 lime kanye ne-0.2 mol l-1 ye-oxalic acid (Isithombe 1).
Umphumela wokufutha amaqabunga nge-oxalic acid kokuqukethwe kwe-malondialdehyde ezimpandeni ze-Panax notoginseng ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwe-cadmium [J]. P<0.05). Okufanayo ngezansi.
Ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwe-3750 kg h m-2 ye-lime, akukho mehluko obalulekile owabonwa emsebenzini we-SOD wesistimu yezimpande ze-Panax notoginseng. Lapho kusetshenziswa i-lime 0, 750 kanye ne-2250 kg hm-2, umsebenzi we-SOD lapho kufafazwa i-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid wawuphakeme kakhulu kunalapho kungekho ukwelashwa nge-oxalic acid, okwanda ngo-177.89%, 61.62% kanye no-45 .08% ngokulandelana. Umsebenzi we-SOD (amayunithi angu-598.18 g-1) ezimpandeni wawuphezulu kakhulu lapho welashwa ngaphandle kwe-lime futhi wafuthwa nge-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngaphandle kwe-oxalic acid noma wafuthwa nge-0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, umsebenzi we-SOD wanda ngokusetshenziswa kwe-lime okwandayo. Umsebenzi we-SOD wehla kakhulu ngemva kokufuthwa nge-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid (Isithombe 2).
Umphumela wokufutha amaqabunga nge-oxalic acid emsebenzini we-superoxide dismutase, i-peroxidase, kanye ne-catalase ezimpandeni ze-Panax notoginseng ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwe-cadmium [J].
Njengomsebenzi we-SOD ezimpandeni, umsebenzi we-POD ezimpandeni (63.33 µmol g-1) wawuphezulu kakhulu uma ufafazwa ngaphandle kwe-lime kanye ne-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid, okwakuphezulu ngo-148.35% kunokulawula (25.50 µmol g-1). . Umsebenzi we-POD waqala wanda wabe esencipha ngokwanda kokuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid kanye nokwelashwa kwe-lime okungu-3750 kg hm −2. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa nge-0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, umsebenzi we-POD wehle ngo-36.31% lapho welashwa nge-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Isithombe 2).
Ngaphandle kokufutha i-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid kanye nokusebenzisa i-2250 kg hm-2 noma i-3750 kg hm-2 lime, umsebenzi we-CAT wawuphakeme kakhulu kunokulawula. Umsebenzi we-CAT wokwelapha nge-0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid kanye nokwelashwa nge-lime 0.2250 kg m-2 noma i-3750 kg h m-2 wanda ngo-276.08%, 276.69% kanye no-33 .05% ngokulandelana uma kuqhathaniswa nokungabikho kokwelashwa nge-oxalic acid. Umsebenzi we-CAT wezimpande (803.52 µmol g-1) eziphathwe nge-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid wawuphakeme kakhulu. Umsebenzi we-CAT (172.88 µmol g-1) wawuphansi kakhulu ekwelapheni i-3750 kg hm-2 lime kanye ne-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Isithombe 2).
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Bivariate kubonise ukuthi umsebenzi we-Panax notoginseng CAT kanye ne-MDA kuhlobene kakhulu nenani le-oxalic acid noma i-lime spray kanye nokwelashwa kokubili (Ithebula 3). Umsebenzi we-SOD ezimpandeni wawuhlobene kakhulu nokwelashwa kwe-lime ne-oxalic acid noma ukuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid spray. Umsebenzi we-Root POD uhlobene kakhulu nenani le-lime elisetshenziswayo noma ngokusetshenziswa kwe-lime ne-oxalic acid ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Okuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo ezitshalweni zezimpande kwehle ngokwanda kwesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwelayimu kanye nokuhlushwa kokufuthwa nge-oxalic acid. Akukho mehluko obalulekile kokuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo ezimpandeni zePanax notoginseng ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwelayimu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-750 kg·h·m−2 yelayimu. Lapho kusetshenziswa i-2250 kg hm-2 lime, okuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo lapho kuphathwa nge-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid kwakuphakeme kakhulu kunalapho kufakwa i-non-oxalic acid, okwakhuphuka ngo-22.81%. Lapho kufakwa ilayimu enanini elingu-3750 kg·h·m-2, okuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo kwehle kakhulu ngokwanda kokuhlushwa kokufuthwa nge-oxalic acid. Okuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo kokwelashwa kwe-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray kwakuphansi ngo-38.77% kunokwelashwa ngaphandle kokwelashwa kwe-oxalic acid. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwelashwa ngokufutha nge-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid kwakunokuqukethwe okuphansi kakhulu kukashukela oncibilikayo okungu-205.80 mg g-1 (Isithombe 3).
Umphumela wokufutha amaqabunga nge-oxalic acid kokuqukethwe ushukela ophelele oncibilikayo kanye neprotheyini encibilikayo ezimpandeni zePanax notoginseng ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwe-cadmium [J].
Okuqukethwe kweprotheyini encibilikayo ezimpandeni kwehle ngokwanda kwesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwe-lime kanye ne-oxalic acid. Uma kungekho i-lime, okuqukethwe kweprotheyini encibilikayo ekwelashweni nge-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid kwakuphansi kakhulu kunasekulawulweni, ngo-16.20%. Lapho kusetshenziswa i-lime engu-750 kg hm-2, akukho mehluko obalulekile kokuqukethwe kweprotheyini encibilikayo ezimpandeni ze-Panax notoginseng owabonwa. Ngesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwe-lime esingu-2250 kg h m-2, okuqukethwe kweprotheyini encibilikayo ekwelashweni nge-oxalic acid spray engu-0.2 mol l-1 kwakuphakeme kakhulu kunasekwelashweni nge-non-oxalic acid spray (35.11%). Lapho kusetshenziswa i-lime ku-3750 kg h m-2, okuqukethwe kweprotheyini encibilikayo kwehle kakhulu ngokwanda kokuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid spray, kanye nokuqukethwe kweprotheyini encibilikayo (269.84 µg g-1) kwakuphansi kakhulu lapho kwelashwa ku-0.2 mol l-1. Ukufutha okukodwa nge-oxalic acid (Isithombe 3).
Akukho mehluko obalulekile kokuqukethwe kwama-amino acid amahhala ezimpandeni zePanax notoginseng uma kungekho lime owatholakala. Ngokwanda kokuhlushwa kokufuthwa nge-oxalic acid kanye nesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwe-lime esingu-750 kg hm-2, okuqukethwe kwama-amino acid amahhala kuqala kwehle kwabe sekukhula. Ukusetshenziswa kokwelashwa nge-2250 kg hm-2 lime kanye ne-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid kwandise kakhulu okuqukethwe kwama-amino acid amahhala ngo-33.58% uma kuqhathaniswa nokungaphathwa nge-oxalic acid. Ngokwanda kokuhlushwa kokufuthwa nge-oxalic acid kanye nokwethulwa kwe-3750 kg·hm-2 ye-lime, okuqukethwe kwe-amino acid yamahhala kwehle kakhulu. Okuqukethwe kwama-amino acid amahhala ekwelashweni kwe-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray kwakuphansi ngo-49.76% kunasekwelashweni ngaphandle kokwelashwa nge-oxalic acid. Okuqukethwe kwe-amino acid yamahhala kwakuphezulu kakhulu lapho kwelashwa ngaphandle kokwelashwa nge-oxalic acid futhi kwafinyelela ku-2.09 mg/g. Okuqukethwe kwama-amino acid amahhala (1.05 mg g-1) kwakuphansi kakhulu lapho kufafazwa nge-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Isithombe 4).
Umphumela wokufutha amaqabunga nge-oxalic acid kokuqukethwe kwama-amino acid amahhala kanye ne-proline ezimpandeni zePanax notoginseng ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezeleka kwe-cadmium [J].
Okuqukethwe kwe-proline ezimpandeni kwehle ngokwanda kwesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwe-lime ne-oxalic acid. Akukho mehluko obalulekile kokuqukethwe kwe-proline kwe-Panax notoginseng ngokungabikho kwe-lime. Ngokwanda kokuhlushwa kokufuthwa nge-oxalic acid kanye namazinga okusetshenziswa kwe-lime angu-750, 2250 kg hm-2, okuqukethwe kwe-proline kuqala kwehle kwabe sekwanda. Okuqukethwe kwe-proline ekwelashweni kwe-oxalic acid engu-0.2 mol l-1 kwakuphakeme kakhulu kunokuqukethwe kwe-proline ekwelashweni kwe-oxalic acid engu-0.1 mol l-1, okwakhuphuka ngo-19.52% no-44.33%, ngokulandelana. Lapho kusetshenziswa i-3750 kg·hm-2 ye-lime, okuqukethwe kwe-proline kwehle kakhulu ngokwanda kokuhlushwa kokufuthwa nge-oxalic acid. Okuqukethwe kwe-proline ngemuva kokufuthwa nge-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid kwakuphansi ngo-54.68% kunangaphandle kwe-oxalic acid. Okuqukethwe kwe-proline bekuphansi kakhulu futhi kwafinyelela ku-11.37 μg/g lapho kwelashwa nge-0.2 mol/l oxalic acid (Isithombe 4).
Okuqukethwe kwama-saponins aphelele ku-Panax notoginseng kwakungu-Rg1>Rb1>R1. Kwakungekho mehluko obalulekile kokuqukethwe kwama-saponins amathathu ngokuhlushwa okwandayo kwe-oxalic acid spray kanye nokungabikho kwe-lime (Ithebula 4).
Okuqukethwe kwe-R1 lapho kufafazwa i-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid kwakuphansi kakhulu kunalapho kungekho kufafazwa i-oxalic acid futhi kusetshenziswa i-lime 750 noma 3750 kg·h·m-2. Ngokugxila kwe-oxalic acid spray okungu-0 noma 0.1 mol l-1, bekungekho mehluko obalulekile kokuqukethwe kwe-R1 ngokwanda kwesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwe-lime. Ekugxilweni kwe-oxalic acid spray okungu-0.2 mol l-1, okuqukethwe kwe-R1 okungu-3750 kg hm-2 we-lime kwakuphansi kakhulu kunokwangu-43.84% ngaphandle kwe-lime (Ithebula 4).
Okuqukethwe kwe-Rg1 kuqala kwanda kwabe sekwehla ngokukhula kokuhlushwa kokufuthwa nge-oxalic acid kanye nesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwe-lime esingu-750 kg·h·m−2. Ngesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwe-lime esingu-2250 noma 3750 kg h m-2, okuqukethwe kwe-Rg1 kwehle ngokukhula kokuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid. Ngesilinganiso esifanayo sokufuthwa kwe-oxalic acid, okuqukethwe kwe-Rg1 kuqala kwanda kwabe sekwehla ngokukhula kwesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwe-lime. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula, ngaphandle kokuhlushwa okuthathu kwe-oxalic acid kanye no-750 kg h m-2, okuqukethwe kwe-Rg1 kwakuphakeme kunokulawula, okuqukethwe kwe-Rg1 ezimpandeni zezinye izindlela zokwelapha kwakuphansi kunokulawula. Okuqukethwe kwe-Rg1 kwakuphakeme kakhulu lapho kufuthwa nge-750 kg gm-2 lime kanye ne-0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, okwakuphakeme ngo-11.54% kunokulawula (Ithebula 4).
Okuqukethwe kwe-Rb1 kwaqala kwanda kwabe sekwehla ngokukhula kokuhlushwa kokufuthwa nge-oxalic acid kanye nesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwe-lime esingu-2250 kg hm-2. Ngemva kokufuthwa nge-0.1 mol l–1 oxalic acid, okuqukethwe kwe-Rb1 kwafinyelela ku-3.46%, okuphakeme ngo-74.75% kunangaphandle kokufuthwa nge-oxalic acid. Ngezinye izindlela zokwelapha nge-lime, kwakungekho mehluko obalulekile phakathi kokuhlushwa okuhlukene kwe-oxalic acid. Lapho kufuthwa nge-0.1 kanye ne-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid, okuqukethwe kwe-Rb1 kwaqala kwehla, kwabe sekwehla ngokukhula kwenani le-lime elingeziwe (ithebula 4).
Ngesikhathi esifanayo sokuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid efuthwe, okuqukethwe kwe-flavonoids kwaqala kwanda kwabe sekwehla ngokwanda kwesilinganiso sokufakwa kwe-lime. Akukho lime noma i-3750 kg hm-2 lime efuthwe ngamanani ahlukahlukene e-oxalic acid kwaba nomehluko omkhulu kokuqukethwe kwe-flavonoid. Lapho i-lime isetshenziswa ngesilinganiso esingu-750 no-2250 kg h m-2, okuqukethwe kwe-flavonoids kwaqala kwanda kwabe sekwehla ngokwanda kokuhlushwa kokufuthwa nge-oxalic acid. Lapho iphathwa ngesilinganiso sokufakwa esingu-750 kg hm-2 futhi ifuthwa nge-0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, okuqukethwe kwe-flavonoids kwakuphakeme kakhulu futhi kwafinyelela ku-4.38 mg g-1, okuphakeme ngo-18.38% kune-lime ngesilinganiso esifanayo sokufakwa. ngaphandle kokufuthwa nge-oxalic acid. Okuqukethwe kwama-flavonoid ngesikhathi sokufafaza nge-oxalic acid engu-0.1 mol l-1 kukhuphuke ngo-21.74% uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa ngaphandle kokufafaza nge-oxalic acid kanye nokwelashwa nge-lime nge-2250 kg hm-2 (Isithombe 5).
Umphumela wokufutha kwamaqabunga e-oxalate kokuqukethwe kwe-flavonoid ezimpandeni ze-Panax notoginseng ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwe-cadmium [J].
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Bivariate kubonise ukuthi okuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo kwe-Panax notoginseng kuhlobene kakhulu nenani likalamula elisetshenziswayo kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid efuthwayo. Okuqukethwe kweprotheyini encibilikayo ezitshalweni zezimpande kuhlobene kakhulu nesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwe-lime, kokubili i-lime kanye ne-oxalic acid. Okuqukethwe kwama-amino acid amahhala kanye ne-proline ezimpandeni kuhlobene kakhulu nesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwe-lime, ukuhlushwa kokufuthwa nge-oxalic acid, i-lime kanye ne-oxalic acid (Ithebula 5).
Okuqukethwe yi-R1 ezimpandeni ze-Panax notoginseng kuhlobene kakhulu nokuhlushwa kokufuthwa nge-oxalic acid, inani le-lime esetshenzisiwe, i-lime kanye ne-oxalic acid. Okuqukethwe yi-flavonoid kuhlobene kakhulu nokuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid efuthwe kanye nenani le-lime esetshenzisiwe.
Kuye kwasetshenziswa izilungiso eziningi ukunciphisa i-Cd yesitshalo ngokuvimbela i-Cd enhlabathini, njenge-lime kanye ne-oxalic acid30. I-Lime isetshenziswa kabanzi njengesithasiselo senhlabathi ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-cadmium ezitshalweni31. ULiang et al. 32 babike ukuthi i-oxalic acid ingasetshenziswa futhi ukubuyisela inhlabathi engcoliswe yizinsimbi ezisindayo. Ngemva kokusebenzisa amazinga ahlukahlukene e-oxalic acid enhlabathini engcolisiwe, izinto eziphilayo zomhlaba zanda, amandla okushintshana kwe-cation ancipha, futhi inani le-pH landa ngo-33. I-Oxalic acid ingasabela nama-ion ensimbi enhlabathini. Ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwe-Cd, okuqukethwe kwe-Cd ku-Panax notoginseng kwanda kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula. Kodwa-ke, lapho kusetshenziswa i-lime, yehla kakhulu. Kulesi sifundo, lapho kusetshenziswa i-750 kg hm-2 lime, okuqukethwe kwe-Cd empandeni kwafinyelela ezingeni likazwelonke (umkhawulo we-Cd: Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, AQSIQ, GB/T 19086-200834), futhi umphumela lapho kusetshenziswa i-2250 kg hm−2 ye-lime usebenza kahle kakhulu nge-lime. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-lime kwadala inani elikhulu lezindawo zokuncintisana phakathi kwe-Ca2+ ne-Cd2+ enhlabathini, futhi ukwengezwa kwe-oxalic acid kunganciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-Cd ezimpandeni ze-Panax notoginseng. Kodwa-ke, okuqukethwe kwe-Cd kwezimpande ze-Panax notoginseng kwancishiswa kakhulu ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-lime ne-oxalic acid, kwafinyelela ezingeni likazwelonke. I-Ca2+ enhlabathini imuncwa ebusweni bempande ngesikhathi sokugeleza okukhulu futhi ingathathwa amaseli ezimpande ngeziteshi ze-calcium (Ca2+-channels), amaphampu e-calcium (Ca2+-AT-Pase) kanye nama-antiporter e-Ca2+/H+, bese ithuthwa ngokuvundlile iye empandeni i-xylem 23. Okuqukethwe Impande i-Ca yayihlobene kabi kakhulu nokuqukethwe kwe-Cd (P<0.05). Okuqukethwe kwe-Cd kwehle ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-Ca, okuhambisana nombono mayelana nokuphikiswa kwe-Ca ne-Cd. Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlukahluka kubonise ukuthi inani le-lime lithinte kakhulu okuqukethwe kwe-Ca ezimpandeni ze-Panax notoginseng. UPongrac et al. 35 babike ukuthi i-Cd ibopha i-oxalate kumakristalu e-calcium oxalate futhi incintisana ne-Ca. Kodwa-ke, ukulawulwa kwe-Ca yi-oxalate kwakungeyona into ebalulekile. Lokhu kubonise ukuthi ukuminyana kwe-calcium oxalate okwakhiwe yi-oxalic acid kanye ne-Ca2+ kwakungeyona imvula elula, futhi inqubo yokuminyana ingalawulwa ngezindlela ezahlukene ze-metabolic.