Siyabonga ngokuvakashela i-Nature.com. Inguqulo yesiphequluli osisebenzisayo inokusekelwa okulinganiselwe kwe-CSS. Ukuze uthole imiphumela emihle kakhulu, sincoma ukusebenzisa inguqulo entsha yesiphequluli sakho (noma ukuvala imodi yokuhambisana ku-Internet Explorer). Okwamanje, ukuqinisekisa ukwesekwa okuqhubekayo, sibonisa isayithi ngaphandle kwesitayela noma i-JavaScript.
Ukungcola kwe-Cadmium (Cd) kubeka engcupheni engaba khona ekuphepheni kokutshalwa kwesitshalo semithi i-Panax notoginseng e-Yunnan. Ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwe-Cd kwangaphandle, kwenziwa izivivinyo zasensimini ukuze kuqondwe imiphumela yokusetshenziswa kwe-lime (0, 750, 2250 kanye ne-3750 kg/h/m2) kanye nokufutha nge-foliar nge-oxalic acid (0, 0.1 kanye ne-0.2 mol/L) ekuqongeleleni i-Cd kanye ne-antioxidant. Izingxenye zesistimu nezokwelapha ze-Panax notoginseng. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwe-Cd, i-lime kanye ne-foliar spray nge-oxalic acid kungakhuphula okuqukethwe kwe-Ca2+ kwe-Panax notoginseng futhi kunciphise ubuthi be-Cd2+. Ukwengezwa kwe-lime kanye ne-oxalic acid kwandisa umsebenzi wama-enzyme e-antioxidant futhi kwashintsha i-metabolism yabalawuli be-osmotic. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukwanda komsebenzi we-CAT ngezikhathi ezingu-2.77. Ngaphansi kwethonya le-oxalic acid, umsebenzi we-SOD wanda waba izikhathi ezingu-1.78. Okuqukethwe kwe-MDA kwehle ngo-58.38%. Kunobudlelwano obubaluleke kakhulu noshukela oncibilikayo, ama-amino acid amahhala, i-proline kanye neprotheyini encibilikayo. I-lime kanye ne-oxalic acid kungakhuphula okuqukethwe kwe-calcium ion (Ca2+) kwe-Panax notoginseng, kunciphise okuqukethwe kwe-Cd, kuthuthukise ukumelana nokucindezeleka kwe-Panax notoginseng, futhi kwandise ukukhiqizwa kwama-saponins nama-flavonoid aphelele. Okuqukethwe kwe-Cd kuphansi kakhulu, kuphansi ngo-68.57% kunokulawula, futhi kuhambisana nenani elijwayelekile (Cd≤0.5 mg kg-1, GB/T 19086-2008). Ingxenye ye-SPN yayingu-7.73%, yafinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu phakathi kwazo zonke izindlela zokwelapha, kanti okuqukethwe kwe-flavonoid kwanda kakhulu ngo-21.74%, kwafinyelela amanani ajwayelekile ezokwelapha kanye nesivuno esihle kakhulu.
I-Cadmium (Cd) iyinto evamile engcolisayo enhlabathini etshaliwe, ifuduka kalula futhi inobuthi obukhulu bezinto eziphilayo. U-El-Shafei nabanye babike ukuthi ubuthi be-cadmium buthinta ikhwalithi kanye nokukhiqiza kwezitshalo ezisetshenziswayo. Amazinga amaningi e-cadmium enhlabathini etshaliwe eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeShayina abe mandundu eminyakeni yamuva nje. Isifundazwe saseYunnan singumbuso wezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo waseShayina, kanti izinhlobo zezitshalo zokwelapha zibekwe kuqala ezweni. Kodwa-ke, iSifundazwe saseYunnan sicebile ngemithombo yamaminerali, futhi inqubo yokumba ngokungenakugwenywa iholela ekungcoleni kwensimbi esindayo enhlabathini, okuthinta ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo zokwelapha zasendaweni.
I-Panax notoginseng (Burkill) Chen3) iyisitshalo esiyigugu kakhulu semithi ye-herbaceous esihlala isikhathi eside esiyingxenye yohlobo lwe-Panax lomndeni wakwa-Araliaceae. I-Panax notoginseng ithuthukisa ukujikeleza kwegazi, iqeda ukuqina kwegazi futhi inciphise ubuhlungu. Indawo eyinhloko yokukhiqiza yiWenshan Prefecture, eSifundazweni saseYunnan5. Ngaphezu kuka-75% wenhlabathi ezindaweni ezikhula i-ginseng ze-Panax notoginseng zingcoliswe yi-cadmium, amazinga ahluka kusuka ku-81% kuya ngaphezu kuka-100% ezindaweni ezahlukene6. Umphumela onobuthi we-Cd uphinde unciphise kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye zokwelapha ze-Panax notoginseng, ikakhulukazi ama-saponins nama-flavonoid. Ama-Saponins awuhlobo lwe-glycosidic compound enama-aglycones ayi-triterpenoids noma ama-spirostanes. Yizithako eziyinhloko ezisebenzayo zemithi eminingi yendabuko yaseShayina futhi aqukethe ama-saponins. Amanye ama-saponins nawo anomsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane noma imisebenzi ebalulekile yebhayoloji njengemiphumela yokulwa nokuvuvukala, yokudambisa kanye neyokulwa nomdlavuza7. Ama-Flavonoid ngokuvamile abhekisela ochungechungeni lwamakhemikhali lapho izindandatho ezimbili ze-benzene ezinamaqembu e-phenolic hydroxyl zixhunyaniswa ngama-athomu amathathu ekhabhoni ephakathi. Ingqikithi eyinhloko yi-2-phenylchromanone 8. Iyi-antioxidant enamandla engasusa ngempumelelo ama-radicals amahhala e-oxygen ezitshalweni. Ingavimbela futhi ukungena kwama-enzyme ebhayoloji okuvuvukala, ikhuthaze ukuphulukiswa kwamanxeba kanye nokuqeda ubuhlungu, kanye namazinga e-cholesterol aphansi. Ingenye yezithako ezisebenzayo eziyinhloko ze-Panax notoginseng. Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokubhekana nenkinga yokungcola kwe-cadmium enhlabathini ezindaweni zokukhiqiza i-ginseng ze-Panax nokuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwezithako zayo ezibalulekile zokwelapha.
I-Lime ingenye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokuhlanzwa kwenhlabathi engaguquki ekungcolisweni kwe-cadmium10. Ithinta ukumuncwa kanye nokufakwa kwe-Cd enhlabathini ngokunciphisa ukutholakala kwe-Cd enhlabathini ngokwandisa inani le-pH nokushintsha umthamo wokushintshana kwenhlabathi (CEC), ukugcwala kosawoti womhlabathi (BS) kanye nekhono lokubuyisela i-soil redox (Eh)3, 11. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-lime inikeza inani elikhulu le-Ca2+, yakha ukuphikisana kwe-ionic ne-Cd2+, incintisana nezindawo zokumuncwa ezimpandeni, ivimbela ukuthuthwa kwe-Cd enhlabathini, futhi inobuthi obuphansi bebhayoloji. Lapho i-50 mmol L-1 Ca ingezwa ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwe-Cd, ukuthuthwa kwe-Cd emaqabunga esesame kwavinjelwa futhi ukuqongelela kwe-Cd kwancishiswa ngo-80%. Izifundo eziningana ezifanayo zibikiwe elayisi (i-Oryza sativa L.) nakwezinye izitshalo12,13.
Ukufutha izitshalo ngamahlamvu ukulawula ukuqongelela kwezinsimbi ezisindayo kuyindlela entsha yokulawula izinsimbi ezisindayo eminyakeni yamuva nje. Isimiso sayo sihlobene kakhulu nokusabela kwe-chelation kumaseli ezitshalo, okuholela ekubekweni kwezinsimbi ezisindayo odongeni lweseli futhi kuvimbele ukumuncwa kwezinsimbi ezisindayo yizitshalo14,15. Njenge-ejenti ezinzile ye-diacid chelating, i-oxalic acid ingakhipha ngqo ama-ion ensimbi ezisindayo ezitshalweni, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise ubuthi. Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi i-oxalic acid kuma-soya ingakhipha i-Cd2+ futhi ikhulule amakristalu aqukethe i-Cd ngamaseli aphezulu e-trichome, inciphise amazinga e-Cd2+ emzimbeni16. I-oxalic acid ingalawula i-pH yomhlabathi, ithuthukise umsebenzi we-superoxide dismutase (SOD), i-peroxidase (POD) kanye ne-catalase (CAT), futhi ilawule ukungena koshukela oncibilikayo, iphrotheni encibilikayo, ama-amino acid amahhala kanye ne-proline. Abalawuli be-Metabolic17,18. I-asidi kanye ne-Ca2+ eyengeziwe esitshalweni kwakha i-calcium oxalate precipitate ngaphansi kwesenzo samaprotheni e-nucleating. Ukulawula ukuhlushwa kwe-Ca2+ ezitshalweni kungafeza ngempumelelo ukulawulwa kwe-oxalic acid encibilikisiwe kanye ne-Ca2+ ezitshalweni futhi kugweme ukuqongelela ngokweqile kwe-oxalic acid kanye ne-Ca2+19,20.
Inani lelayimu elisetshenziswayo lingenye yezinto ezibalulekile ezithonya umphumela wokulungisa. Kutholakale ukuthi umthamo welayimu wawusukela ku-750 kuya ku-6000 kg/m2. Enhlabathini ene-acidic ene-pH engu-5.0 ~ 5.5, umphumela wokusebenzisa ilayimu ngesilinganiso esingu-3000 ~ 6000 kg/h/m2 uphakeme kakhulu kunomthamo ongu-750 kg/h/m221. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwelayimu kuzoholela emiphumeleni emibi enhlabathini, njengezinguquko ezibalulekile ku-pH yenhlabathi kanye nokuqina kwenhlabathi22. Ngakho-ke, sichaze amazinga okwelashwa kwe-CaO njengo-0, 750, 2250 kanye no-3750 kg hm-2. Lapho i-oxalic acid isetshenziswa ku-Arabidopsis thaliana, kwatholakala ukuthi i-Ca2+ yehliswe kakhulu ekugxilweni okungu-10 mmol L-1, kanti umndeni wezakhi zofuzo ze-CRT, othinta i-Ca2+ signaling, wasabela ngokuqinile20. Ukuqongelela kwezinye izifundo zangaphambilini kusivumele ukuthi sinqume ukuhlushwa kwalolu vivinyo futhi siqhubeke sifunde ngomphumela wokuxhumana kwezithasiselo zangaphandle ku-Ca2+ kanye ne-Cd2+23,24,25. Ngakho-ke, lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlola indlela yokulawula i-extrogenous lime kanye ne-oxalic acid leaf spray kokuqukethwe kwe-Cd kanye nokubekezelela ukucindezeleka kwe-Panax notoginseng enhlabathini engcolile nge-Cd kanye nokuhlola izindlela zokuqinisekisa kangcono ikhwalithi yezokwelapha kanye nokusebenza kahle. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Panax notoginseng. Unikeza isiqondiso esibalulekile ekwandiseni izinga lokutshalwa kwezitshalo ze-herbaceous enhlabathini engcolile nge-cadmium kanye nokufeza ukukhiqizwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu, okusimeme okudingekayo emakethe yemithi.
Kusetshenziswa uhlobo lwe-ginseng lwendawo i-Wenshan Panax notoginseng njengento esetshenziswayo, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kwensimu eLannizhai, eQiubei County, eWenshan Prefecture, eSifundazweni saseYunnan (24°11′N, 104°3′E, ukuphakama okungu-1446 m). Izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi lonyaka lingu-17°C kanti imvula emaphakathi yonyaka ingu-1250 mm. Amanani angemuva enhlabathi efundwayo ayengu-TN 0.57 g kg-1, TP 1.64 g kg-1, TC 16.31 g kg-1, OM 31.86 g kg-1, alkali hydrolyzed N 88.82 mg kg-1, engenayo i-phosphorus. 18.55 mg kg-1, i-potassium yamahhala engu-100.37 mg kg-1, i-cadmium ephelele engu-0.3 mg kg-1, i-pH 5.4.
Ngomhlaka-10 Disemba 2017, kwaxutshwa u-6 mg/kg we-Cd2+ (CdCl2·2.5H2O) kanye nokwelashwa nge-lime (0, 750, 2250 kanye no-3750 kg/h/m2) futhi kwasetshenziswa ebusweni bomhlabathi ngesendlalelo esingu-0 ~ 10 cm sendawo ngayinye. . Ukwelashwa ngakunye kwaphindwa izikhathi ezi-3. Izindawo zokuhlola zitholakala ngokungahleliwe, indawo ngayinye imboze indawo engu-3 m2. Izithombo ze-Panax notoginseng ezinonyaka owodwa zatshalwa kabusha ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-15 zokulima. Uma usebenzisa inethi yomthunzi welanga, ukukhanya kwe-Panax notoginseng ngaphakathi kwenethi yomthunzi welanga cishe ku-18% wokukhanya kwemvelo okuvamile. Ukutshala kwenziwa ngokwezindlela zokulima zendabuko zendawo. Ngaphambi kwesigaba sokuvuthwa se-Panax notoginseng ngo-2019, fafaza i-oxalic acid ngesimo se-sodium oxalate. Amazinga e-oxalic acid ayengu-0, 0.1 kanye no-0.2 mol L-1, ngokulandelana, kanti i-NaOH yasetshenziswa ukulungisa i-pH ibe ngu-5.16 ukuze ilingise i-pH ejwayelekile yesisombululo se-litter leach. Futha izindawo ezingaphezulu nezingezansi zamaqabunga kanye ngesonto ngo-8:00 ekuseni. Ngemva kokufutha izikhathi ezine ngesonto lesi-5, izitshalo ze-Panax notoginseng ezineminyaka emi-3 ubudala zavunwa.
NgoNovemba 2019, izitshalo ze-Panax notoginseng ezineminyaka emithathu ubudala zaqoqwa ensimini zafuthwa nge-oxalic acid. Amanye amasampula ezitshalo ze-Panax notoginseng ezineminyaka emithathu ubudala ezazidinga ukulinganiswa ngokusetshenziswa komzimba kanye nomsebenzi we-enzyme afakwa emapayipini ukuze aqandiswe., aqandiswe ngokushesha nge-nitrogen ewuketshezi abese edluliselwa esiqandisini ku--80°C. Amanye amasampula ezimpande okufanele alinganiswe nge-Cd kanye nokuqukethwe kwesithako esisebenzayo esigabeni sokuvuthwa agezwa ngamanzi ompompi, omiswa ku-105°C imizuzu engama-30, ngesisindo esingaguquki ku-75°C, futhi agaywa edakeni ukuze agcinwe.
Kala u-0.2 g wesampula yesitshalo esomile, uyibeke ebhodleleni le-Erlenmeyer, engeza u-8 ml we-HNO3 kanye no-2 ml we-HClO4 bese uyimboza ubusuku bonke. Ngosuku olulandelayo, sebenzisa i-funnel egobile ebekwe ebhodleleni le-Erlenmeyer ukuze ugaye ngogesi kuze kube yilapho kuvela intuthu emhlophe futhi ujusi wokugaya luphuma lucwebezela. Ngemva kokupholisa ekamelweni lokushisa, ingxube idluliselwe ebhodleleni le-volumetric elingu-10 ml. Okuqukethwe kwe-Cd kunqunywe kusetshenziswa i-atomic absorption spectrometer (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA). (GB/T 23739-2009).
Kala u-0.2 g wesampula yesitshalo esomile, uyifake ebhodleleni lepulasitiki elingu-50 ml, engeza i-1 mol L-1 HCL ku-10 ml, uyivale bese uyishukumisa kahle amahora angu-15 bese uyihluza. Usebenzisa i-pipette, faka inani elidingekayo le-filtrate, uyinciphise ngokufanele bese ufaka isisombululo se-SrCl2 ukuze ulethe ukuhlushwa kwe-Sr2+ ku-1g L-1. Okuqukethwe kwe-Ca kukalwe kusetshenziswa i-atomic absorption spectrometer (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA).
I-Malondialdehyde (MDA), i-superoxide dismutase (SOD), i-peroxidase (POD) kanye nendlela yekhithi yokubhekisela ye-catalase (CAT) (DNM-9602, Beijing Prong New Technology Co., Ltd., ukubhaliswa komkhiqizo), sebenzisa ikhithi yokulinganisa ehambisanayo. Inombolo: Beijing Pharmacopoeia (enembile) 2013 Inombolo 2400147).
Kala cishe u-0.05 g wesampula ye-Panax notoginseng bese ufaka i-anthrone-sulfuric acid reagent ezinhlangothini zethubhu. Shukumisa ithubhu imizuzwana emi-2-3 ukuze uhlanganise kahle uketshezi. Beka ithubhu ku-tube rack ukuze kuvele umbala imizuzu eyi-15. Okuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo kunqunywe yi-ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) ku-wavelength engu-620 nm.
Kala u-0.5 g wesampula entsha ye-Panax notoginseng, uyigaye ibe yi-homogenate ngamanzi acwecwe angu-5 ml, bese uyi-centrifuge ku-10,000 g imizuzu eyi-10. I-supernatant yancibilikiswa yaba yivolumu eqondile. Kwasetshenziswa indlela ye-Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ancibilikayo kwalinganiswa kusetshenziswa i-ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) ku-wavelength engu-595 nm futhi kwabalwa ngokusekelwe ku-standard curve ye-bovine serum albumin.
Kala u-0.5 g wesampula entsha, engeza u-5 ml we-10% acetic acid, gaya ube yi-homogenate, uhlunge bese uncibilikisa kuze kube yivolumu engaguquki. Indlela yokuthuthukisa umbala isetshenziswe ngesisombululo se-ninhydrin. Okuqukethwe kwe-amino acid yamahhala kunqunywe yi-UV–visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) ku-570 nm futhi kubalwa ngokusekelwe ku-leucine standard curve28.
Kala u-0.5 g wesampula entsha, engeza u-5 ml wesisombululo esingu-3% se-sulfosalicylic acid, ufudumale emanzini bese ushukumisa imizuzu eyi-10. Ngemva kokupholisa, isixazululo sahlungwa futhi salethwa kumthamo ofanayo. Indlela ye-colorimetric ene-acid ninhydrin yasetshenziswa. Okuqukethwe kwe-proline kwanqunywa yi-ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) kubude be-wavelength obungu-520 nm futhi kwabalwa ngokusekelwe ku-proline standard curve29.
Okuqukethwe kwe-Saponin kunqunywe yi-chromatography yoketshezi esebenza kahle kakhulu ngokubhekisela ku-Pharmacopoeia yeRiphabhulikhi Yabantu baseShayina (uhlelo luka-2015). Umgomo oyisisekelo we-chromatography yoketshezi esebenza kahle kakhulu ukusebenzisa uketshezi olunomfutho ophezulu njengesigaba esihambayo nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlayiya ezi-ultrafine ze-chromatography yekholomu esebenza kahle kakhulu esigabeni esimile. Indlela yokusebenza imi kanje:
Izimo ze-HPLC kanye nokuhlolwa kokufaneleka kwesistimu (Ithebula 1): Sebenzisa ijeli ye-silica eboshwe yi-octadecylsilane njengesigcwalisi, i-acetonitrile njengesigaba esiphathwayo A kanye namanzi njengesigaba esiphathwayo B. Yenza i-gradient elution njengoba kuboniswe kuthebula elingezansi. Ububanzi bokukhanya kokukhanya bungu-203 nm. Ngokusho kwe-R1 peak yama-saponins aphelele e-Panax notoginseng, inani lamapuleti e-theoretical kufanele okungenani libe ngu-4000.
Ukulungiswa kwesisombululo esijwayelekile: Kala kahle i-ginsenoside Rg1, i-ginsenoside Rb1 kanye ne-notoginsenoside R1 bese ufaka i-methanol ukuze ulungiselele ingxube equkethe i-0.4 mg ye-ginsenoside Rg1, i-0.4 mg ye-ginsenoside Rb1 kanye ne-0.1 mg ye-notoginsenoside R1 nge-1 ml yesisombululo.
Ukulungiswa kwesisombululo sokuhlola: Kala u-0.6 g wempuphu ye-Panax ginseng bese ufaka u-50 ml we-methanol. Isixazululo esixubile sasilinganiswa (W1) bese sishiywa ubusuku bonke. Isixazululo esixubile sabe sesibiliswa kancane emanzini okugeza ku-80°C amahora ama-2. Ngemva kokupholisa, kala isixazululo esixubile bese ufaka i-methanol elungisiwe esisindweni sokuqala se-W1. Bese unyakazisa kahle bese uhlunga. I-filtrate ishiywa ukuze ihlaziywe.
Qoqa ngokunembile ama-μL ayi-10 esisombululo esijwayelekile kanye nama-μL ayi-10 e-filtrate bese uwafaka ku-chromatograph yoketshezi esebenza kahle kakhulu (i-Thermo HPLC-ultimate 3000, i-Seymour Fisher Technology Co., Ltd.) ukuze uthole okuqukethwe yi-saponin 24.
Ijika elijwayelekile: ukukalwa kwesisombululo esijwayelekile esihlanganisiwe se-Rg1, Rb1 kanye ne-R1. Izimo ze-Chromatography ziyafana nalezo ezingenhla. Bala ijika elijwayelekile ngokuhlela indawo ye-peak elinganisiwe ku-y-axis kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-saponin kusisombululo esijwayelekile ku-x-axis. Ukuhlushwa kwe-saponin kungabalwa ngokufaka indawo ye-peak elinganisiwe yesampula ku-standard curve.
Kala u-0.1 g wesampula ye-P. notogensings bese ufaka u-50 ml wesisombululo se-70% CH3OH. Ukukhishwa kwe-Ultrasonic kwenziwa amahora ama-2, kulandelwe yi-centrifugation ku-4000 rpm imizuzu eyi-10. Thatha u-1 ml we-supernatant bese uwuncibilikisa izikhathi eziyi-12. Okuqukethwe kwe-flavonoid kunqunywe kusetshenziswa i-ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) kubude be-wavelength obungu-249 nm. I-Quercetin ingenye yezinto ezivamile ezijwayelekile8.
Idatha yahlelwa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-Excel 2010. Isofthiwe yezibalo ye-SPSS 20 yasetshenziswa ukwenza ukuhlaziywa kokwehluka kwedatha. Izithombe zadwetshwa kusetshenziswa i-Origin Pro 9.1. Amanani ezibalo abaliwe afaka phakathi isilinganiso ± SD. Izitatimende zokubaluleka kwezibalo zisekelwe ku-P < 0.05.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo sokuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid efuthwe emaqabungeni, okuqukethwe kwe-Ca ezimpandeni ze-Panax notoginseng kwanda kakhulu njengoba inani le-lime esetshenziswayo landa (Ithebula 2). Uma kuqhathaniswa nokungabikho kwe-lime, okuqukethwe kwe-Ca kwanda ngo-212% lapho kungezwa u-3750 kg/h/m2 we-lime ngaphandle kokufuthwa kwe-oxalic acid. Ngenani elifanayo le-lime esetshenziswayo, okuqukethwe kwe-Ca kwanda kancane njengoba ukuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid spray kwanda.
Okuqukethwe kwe-Cd ezimpandeni kusuka ku-0.22 kuya ku-0.70 mg kg-1. Ngesikhathi esifanayo sokufutha kwe-oxalic acid, njengoba inani le-lime elingeziwe likhuphuka, okuqukethwe kwe-Cd okungu-2250 kg/h kwehla kakhulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula, okuqukethwe kwe-Cd ezimpandeni kwehle ngo-68.57% ngemuva kokufutha nge-2250 kg hm-2 lime kanye ne-0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid. Lapho kufakwa i-lime engenalo i-lime kanye ne-750 kg/h ye-lime, okuqukethwe kwe-Cd ezimpandeni ze-Panax notoginseng kwehle kakhulu ngokukhushulwa okwandayo kwe-oxalic acid spray. Lapho kufakwa i-lime engu-2250 kg/m2 kanye ne-lime engu-3750 kg/m2, okuqukethwe kwe-Cd ezimpandeni kuqala kwehle bese kwanda ngokukhushulwa okwandayo kwe-oxalic acid. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziywa kwe-bivariate kubonise ukuthi i-lime yayinethonya elikhulu kokuqukethwe kwe-Ca kwezimpande ze-Panax notoginseng (F = 82.84**), i-lime yayinethonya elikhulu kokuqukethwe kwe-Cd ezimpandeni ze-Panax notoginseng (F = 74.99**), kanye ne-oxalic acid. acid (F=7.72*).
Njengoba inani le-lime elingeziwe kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid efafaziwe kwanda, okuqukethwe kwe-MDA kwehle kakhulu. Akukho mehluko obalulekile kokuqukethwe kwe-MDA ezimpandeni ze-Panax notoginseng ngaphandle kokwengezwa kwe-lime kanye nokwengezwa kwe-3750 kg/m2 ye-lime. Ngamazinga okusetshenziswa angu-750 kg/h/m2 kanye no-2250 kg/h/m2, okuqukethwe kwe-lime kokwelashwa kwe-oxalic acid okungu-0.2 mol/L kwehle ngo-58.38% kanye no-40.21%, ngokulandelana, uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa kwe-oxalic acid okungenayo. Okuqukethwe kwe-MDA okuphansi kakhulu (7.57 nmol g-1) kwabonwa lapho kufafazwa i-750 kg hm-2 lime kanye ne-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Isithombe 1).
Umphumela wokufutha nge-oxalic acid emaqabunga ezimpandeni ze-Panax notoginseng ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwe-cadmium. Qaphela: Inganekwane esithombeni ikhombisa ukugcwala kwe-oxalic acid esifuthweni (mol L-1), izinhlamvu ezincane ezahlukene zibonisa umehluko omkhulu phakathi kokwelashwa kokusetshenziswa okufanayo kwe-lime. Inombolo (P < 0.05). Okufanayo ngezansi.
Ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwe-3750 kg/h lime, bekungekho mehluko obalulekile emsebenzini we-SOD ezimpandeni ze-Panax notoginseng. Lapho kungezwa i-0, 750 kanye ne-2250 kg/h/m2 ye-lime, umsebenzi we-SOD lapho welashwa ngokufafaza nge-oxalic acid ekugxilweni kwe-0.2 mol/l wawuphakeme kakhulu kunangaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwe-oxalic acid, wanda ngo-177.89%, 61.62% kanye no-45.08% ngokulandelana. Umsebenzi we-SOD ezimpandeni (598.18 U g-1) wawuphezulu kakhulu lapho kungekho ukusetshenziswa kwe-lime futhi lapho welashwa ngokufafaza nge-oxalic acid ekugxilweni kwe-0.2 mol/l. Lapho i-oxalic acid ifuthwa ekugxilweni okufanayo noma i-0.1 mol L-1, umsebenzi we-SOD wanda ngenani elikhulayo le-lime elingeziwe. Ngemva kokufafaza nge-0.2 mol/L oxalic acid, umsebenzi we-SOD wehla kakhulu (Isithombe 2).
Umphumela wokufutha amaqabunga nge-oxalic acid emsebenzini we-superoxide dismutase, i-peroxidase kanye ne-catalase ezimpandeni ze-Panax notoginseng ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwe-cadmium
Njengomsebenzi we-SOD ezimpandeni, umsebenzi we-POD ezimpandeni eziphathwe ngaphandle kwe-lime futhi ezifuthwe nge-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid wawuphakeme kakhulu (63.33 µmol g-1), okuphakeme ngo-148.35% kunokulawula (25.50 µmol g-1). Ngokwanda kokuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid kanye nokwelashwa nge-lime okungu-3750 kg/m2, umsebenzi we-POD uqale wanda wabe usuncipha. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa nge-0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid, umsebenzi we-POD lapho uphathwa nge-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid wehle ngo-36.31% (Isithombe 2).
Ngaphandle kokufutha i-oxalic acid engu-0.2 mol/l kanye nokufaka i-2250 kg/h/m2 noma i-3750 kg/h/m2 lime, umsebenzi we-CAT wawuphakeme kakhulu kunokulawula. Lapho kufutha i-oxalic acid engu-0.1 mol/l kanye nokufaka i-0.2250 kg/m2 noma i-3750 kg/h/m2 lime, umsebenzi we-CAT wanda ngo-276.08%, 276.69% kanye no-33.05%, ngokulandelana, uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa ngaphandle kokufutha i-oxalic acid. Umsebenzi we-CAT ezimpandeni wawuphezulu kakhulu (803.52 μmol/g) ekwelashweni kwe-no-lime kanye nasekwelashweni kwe-oxalic acid engu-0.2 mol/L. Umsebenzi we-CAT wawuphansi kakhulu (172.88 μmol/g) lapho kwelashwa nge-3750 kg/h/m2 lime kanye ne-0.2 mol/L oxalic acid (Isithombe 2).
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Bivariate kubonise ukuthi umsebenzi we-CAT kanye nomsebenzi we-MDA wezimpande ze-Panax notoginseng kwakuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nenani le-oxalic acid noma i-lime efuthwe kanye nokwelashwa okubili (Ithebula 3). Umsebenzi we-SOD ezimpandeni wawuhlobene kakhulu nokwelashwa nge-lime ne-oxalic acid noma ukuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid spray. Umsebenzi we-Root POD wawuncike kakhulu enanini le-lime esetshenzisiwe noma ukwelashwa nge-lime ne-oxalic acid.
Okuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo ezimpandeni kwehla ngokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwelayisi kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid spray. Akukho mehluko obalulekile kokuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo ezimpandeni zePanax notoginseng ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwelayisi kanye nalapho kusetshenziswa i-lime engu-750 kg/h/m2. Lapho kusetshenziswa i-lime engu-2250 kg/m2, okuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo lapho kuphathwa nge-oxalic acid engu-0.2 mol/L kwakuphakeme kakhulu kunalokho lapho kuphathwa ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwe-oxalic acid, kwanda ngo-22.81%. Lapho kusetshenziswa i-lime engu-3750 kg h/m2, okuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo kwehla kakhulu njengoba ukuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid efuthwe kwanda. Okuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo lapho kuphathwa nge-oxalic acid engu-0.2 mol L-1 kwehle ngo-38.77% uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwe-oxalic acid. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwelashwa nge-oxalic acid engu-0.2 mol·L-1 kwakunokuqukethwe okuphansi kakhulu kukashukela okuncibilikayo, okwakungu-205.80 mg·g-1 (Isithombe 3).
Umphumela wokufutha nge-oxalic acid emaqabunga phezu kokuqukethwe ushukela ophelele oncibilikayo kanye neprotheyini encibilikayo ezimpandeni zePanax notoginseng ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwe-cadmium
Okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ancibilikayo ezimpandeni kwehle ngokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwelayisi kanye nokwelashwa nge-oxalic acid spray. Ngaphandle kokwengezwa kwelayisi, okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ancibilikayo lapho kuphathwa nge-oxalic acid spray ekugxilweni kwe-0.2 mol L-1 kwehliswe kakhulu ngo-16.20% uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula. Kwakungekho mehluko obalulekile kokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ancibilikayo ezimpandeni zePanax notoginseng lapho kufakwa i-750 kg/h yelayisi. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokusetshenziswa ze-2250 kg/h/m yelayisi, okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ancibilikayo kokwelashwa nge-oxalic acid spray engu-0.2 mol/L kwakuphakeme kakhulu kunokwelashwa nge-non-oxalic acid spray (35.11%). Lapho kusetshenziswa i-3750 kg·h/m2 yelayisi, okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ancibilikayo kwehle kakhulu njengoba ukugxilwa kwe-oxalic acid spray kwanda, kanye nokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ancibilikayo okuphansi kakhulu (269.84 μg·g-1) lapho i-oxalic acid spray yayingu-0.2 mol·L-1. ukwelashwa (Umfanekiso 3).
Akukho mehluko obalulekile kokuqukethwe kwama-amino acid amahhala empandeni yePanax notoginseng uma kungekho ukusetshenziswa kwe-lime. Njengoba ukuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid okufuthwayo kwanda kanye nokwengezwa kwama-750 kg/h/m2 we-lime, okuqukethwe kwama-amino acid amahhala kwaqala kwehla kwabe sekukhula. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa ngaphandle kokufuthwa kwe-oxalic acid, okuqukethwe kwama-amino acid amahhala kwanda kakhulu ngo-33.58% lapho kufuthwa i-2250 kg hm-2 lime kanye ne-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid. Okuqukethwe kwama-amino acid amahhala kwehle kakhulu ngokwanda kokuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid okufuthwayo kanye nokwengezwa kwama-3750 kg/m2 we-lime. Okuqukethwe kwama-amino acid amahhala kokwelashwa kwe-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid okufuthwayo kwehle ngo-49.76% uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa kwe-non-oxalic acid okufuthwayo. Okuqukethwe kwama-amino acid amahhala kwakuphezulu kakhulu ngaphandle kwe-oxalic acid spray futhi kwakungu-2.09 mg g-1. Ukwelashwa nge-oxalic acid spray engu-0.2 mol/L kwakunokuqukethwe kwe-amino acid yamahhala okuphansi kakhulu (1.05 mg/g) (Isithombe 4).
Umphumela wokufutha amaqabunga nge-oxalic acid kokuqukethwe kwama-amino acid amahhala kanye ne-proline ezimpandeni zePanax notoginseng ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezeleka kwe-cadmium
Okuqukethwe kwe-proline ezimpandeni kwehla ngokwanda kwenani le-lime elisetshenziswayo kanye nenani lokufafazwa nge-oxalic acid. Kwakungekho mehluko obalulekile kokuqukethwe kwe-proline kwezimpande ze-Panax ginseng lapho i-lime ingafakwanga. Njengoba ukuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid okufuthwayo kwanda futhi ukusetshenziswa kwe-750 noma i-2250 kg/m2 ye-lime kwanda, okuqukethwe kwe-proline kwaqala kwehla kwabe sekwanda. Okuqukethwe kwe-proline kokwelashwa kwe-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid okufuthwayo kwakuphakeme kakhulu kunokwelashwa kwe-0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid okufuthwayo, kwanda ngo-19.52% kanye no-44.33%, ngokulandelana. Lapho kungezwa i-3750 kg/m2 ye-lime, okuqukethwe kwe-proline kwehle kakhulu njengoba ukuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid okufuthwayo kwanda. Ngemva kokufuthwa kwe-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid, okuqukethwe kwe-proline kwehle ngo-54.68% uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho ngaphandle kokufuthwa kwe-oxalic acid. Okuqukethwe kwe-proline okuphansi kakhulu kwakungesikhathi kwelashwa nge-oxalic acid engu-0.2 mol/l futhi kwafinyelela ku-11.37 μg/g (Isithombe 4).
Okuqukethwe kwe-saponin okuphelele ku-Panax notoginseng kungu-Rg1>Rb1>R1. Kwakungekho mehluko obalulekile kokuqukethwe kwama-saponin amathathu ngokuhlushwa okwandayo kwe-oxalic acid spray kanye nokuhlushwa ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwe-lime (Ithebula 4).
Okuqukethwe kwe-R1 ngemva kokufutha i-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid kwakuphansi kakhulu kunangaphandle kokufutha i-oxalic acid nokusebenzisa umthamo we-lime ongu-750 noma 3750 kg/m2. Ekuhlungeni kwe-oxalic acid efuthwe nge-0 noma 0.1 mol/L, kwakungekho mehluko obalulekile kokuqukethwe kwe-R1 ngenani elikhulayo le-lime elingeziwe. Ekuhlungeni kwe-oxalic acid efuthwe nge-0.2 mol/L, okuqukethwe kwe-R1 ku-3750 kg/h/m2 ye-lime kwakuphansi kakhulu kuno-43.84% ngaphandle kokufaka i-lime (Ithebula 4).
Njengoba ukuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid okufuthwayo kwanda futhi kwanezelwa u-750 kg/m2 we-lime, okuqukethwe kwe-Rg1 kuqala kwanda kwabe sekwehla. Ngamazinga okusetshenziswa kwe-lime angu-2250 no-3750 kg/h, okuqukethwe kwe-Rg1 kwehle ngokwanda kokuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid okufuthwayo. Ngamazinga afanayo e-oxalic acid efuthwayo, njengoba inani le-lime landa, okuqukethwe kwe-Rg1 kuqala kwanda bese kwehla. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula, ngaphandle kokuqukethwe kwe-Rg1 kumazinga amathathu e-oxalic acid kanye nokwelashwa kwe-lime okungu-750 kg/m2, okwakuphakeme kunokulawula, okuqukethwe kwe-Rg1 ezimpandeni ze-Panax notoginseng kwezinye izindlela zokwelapha kwakuphansi kunokulawula. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-Rg1 kwakungesikhathi kufefwa u-750 kg/h/m2 we-lime kanye no-0.1 mol/l we-oxalic acid, okwakuphakeme ngo-11.54% kunokulawula (Ithebula 4).
Njengoba ukuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid kanye nenani le-lime elisetshenziswayo kwanda ngesivinini sokugeleza esingu-2250 kg/h, okuqukethwe kwe-Rb1 kwaqala kwanda kwabe sekwehla. Ngemva kokufutha i-0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid, okuqukethwe kwe-Rb1 kwafinyelela inani eliphakeme elingu-3.46%, okwakungu-74.75% ngaphezulu kunangaphandle kokufutha i-oxalic acid. Kwezinye izindlela zokwelapha nge-lime, kwakungekho mehluko omkhulu phakathi kokuhlushwa okuhlukene kwe-oxalic acid spray. Ngemva kokufutha nge-0.1 kanye ne-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid, njengoba inani le-lime landa, okuqukethwe kwe-Rb1 kwaqala kwancipha kwabe sekwehla (Ithebula 4).
Ngesikhathi esifanayo sokufutha nge-oxalic acid, njengoba inani le-lime elingeziwe landa, okuqukethwe kwama-flavonoid kuqala kwanda bese kwehla. Akukho mehluko obalulekile kokuqukethwe kwama-flavonoid owatholakala lapho kufafazwa amazinga ahlukene e-oxalic acid ngaphandle kwe-lime kanye nama-3750 kg/m2 we-lime. Lapho kungezwa ama-750 nama-2250 kg/m2 we-lime, njengoba amazinga e-oxalic acid efuthwe anda, okuqukethwe kwama-flavonoid kuqala kwanda bese kwehla. Lapho kufakwa ama-750 kg/m2 futhi kufafazwa i-oxalic acid ku-0.1 mol/l, okuqukethwe kwama-flavonoid kwakuphezulu – 4.38 mg/g, okuphakeme ngo-18.38% kunalapho kufakwa inani elifanayo le-lime, futhi kwakungekho sidingo sokufutha i-oxalic acid. Okuqukethwe kwama-flavonoid lapho kwelashwa nge-0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray kukhuphuke ngo-21.74% uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa ngaphandle kwe-oxalic acid kanye nokwelashwa nge-lime ngesilinganiso esingu-2250 kg/m2 (Isithombe 5).
Umphumela wokufutha amaqabunga nge-oxalate kokuqukethwe kwama-flavonoid empandeni ye-Panax notoginseng ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwe-cadmium
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Bivariate kubonise ukuthi okuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo ezimpandeni ze-Panax notoginseng kwakuncike kakhulu enanini likalamula elisetshenziswayo kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-oxalic acid efuthwayo. Okuqukethwe kweprotheyini encibilikayo ezimpandeni kwakuhlobene kakhulu nomthamo we-lime kanye ne-oxalic acid. Okuqukethwe kwama-amino acid amahhala kanye ne-proline ezimpandeni kwakuhlobene kakhulu nenani likalamula elisetshenziswayo, ukuhlushwa kokufuthwa kwe-oxalic acid, i-lime kanye ne-oxalic acid (Ithebula 5).
Okuqukethwe kwe-R1 ezimpandeni ze-Panax notoginseng kwakuncike kakhulu ekugxilweni kwe-oxalic acid efuthwe, inani le-lime, i-lime kanye ne-oxalic acid esetshenzisiwe. Okuqukethwe kwe-flavonoids kwakuncike kakhulu ekugxilweni kwe-oxalic acid spray kanye nenani le-lime engeziwe.
Kusetshenziswe izilungiso eziningi ukunciphisa amazinga e-cadmium ezitshalweni ngokulungisa i-cadmium enhlabathini, njenge-lime kanye ne-oxalic acid30. I-lime isetshenziswa kabanzi njengesilungiso senhlabathi ukunciphisa amazinga e-cadmium ezitshalweni31. ULiang et al. 32 babike ukuthi i-oxalic acid ingasetshenziswa futhi ukulungisa inhlabathi engcoliswe yizinsimbi ezisindayo. Ngemva kokungezwa kwamazinga ahlukahlukene e-oxalic acid enhlabathini engcolisiwe, okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo enhlabathini kwanda, amandla okushintshana kwe-cation ancipha, kanye ne-pH yanda33. I-oxalic acid ingasabela nama-ion ensimbi enhlabathini. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezeleka kwe-Cd, okuqukethwe kwe-Cd ku-Panax notoginseng kwanda kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula. Kodwa-ke, uma kusetshenziswa i-lime, yehla kakhulu. Lapho kusetshenziswa i-750 kg/h/m ye-lime kulolu cwaningo, okuqukethwe kwe-Cd kwezimpande kwafinyelela ezingeni likazwelonke (umkhawulo we-Cd ngu-Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, AQSIQ, GB/T 19086-200834), futhi umphumela waba muhle. . Umphumela omuhle kakhulu utholakala ngokungeza ama-2250 kg/m2 we-lime. Ukwengezwa kwe-lime kudala inani elikhulu lezindawo zokuncintisana ze-Ca2+ kanye ne-Cd2+ enhlabathini, kanti ukwengezwa kwe-oxalic acid kunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-Cd ezimpandeni ze-Panax notoginseng. Ngemva kokuxuba i-lime kanye ne-oxalic acid, okuqukethwe kwe-Cd kwempande ye-Panax ginseng kwehle kakhulu futhi kwafinyelela izinga likazwelonke. I-Ca2+ enhlabathini imuncwa ebusweni bempande ngenqubo yokugeleza okukhulu futhi ingamuncwa kumaseli ezimpande ngemigudu ye-calcium (iziteshi ze-Ca2+), amaphampu e-calcium (Ca2+-AT-Pase) kanye nama-antiporter e-Ca2+/H+, bese ithuthwa ngokuvundlile. iye ezimpandeni. Xylem23. Kwakukhona ukuhlangana okuphawulekayo okungalungile phakathi kokuqukethwe kwe-Ca kanye ne-Cd ezimpandeni (P < 0.05). Okuqukethwe kwe-Cd kwehle ngokuqukethwe kwe-Ca okwandayo, okuhambisana nomqondo wokuphikisana phakathi kwe-Ca kanye ne-Cd. I-ANOVA ibonise ukuthi inani le-lime libe nomthelela omkhulu kokuqukethwe kwe-Ca empandeni ye-Panax notoginseng. UPongrack nabanye 35 babike ukuthi i-Cd ibopha i-oxalate kumakristalu e-calcium oxalate futhi incintisana ne-Ca. Kodwa-ke, umphumela wokulawula we-oxalic acid ku-Ca wawungabalulekile. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukumuncwa kwe-calcium oxalate kusuka ku-oxalic acid kanye ne-Ca2+ akuyona imvula elula, futhi inqubo yokuphindaphinda ingalawulwa yizindlela eziningana ze-metabolic.
Ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwe-cadmium, kwakheka inani elikhulu lezinhlobo ze-oxygen ezisabelayo (i-ROS) ezitshalweni, okulimaza isakhiwo se-membrane yamaseli36. Okuqukethwe kwe-Malondialdehyde (MDA) kungasetshenziswa njengesibonakaliso sokwahlulela izinga le-ROS kanye nezinga lomonakalo ku-membrane ye-plasma yezitshalo37. Uhlelo lwe-antioxidant luyindlela ebalulekile yokuvikela yokususa izinhlobo ze-oxygen ezisabelayo38. Imisebenzi yama-enzyme e-antioxidant (kufaka phakathi i-POD, i-SOD, ne-CAT) ivame ukuguqulwa ukucindezeleka kwe-cadmium. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi okuqukethwe kwe-MDA kuhlobene kahle nokuhlushwa kwe-Cd, okubonisa ukuthi ubukhulu be-lipid peroxidation ye-membrane yezitshalo bujula ngokuhlushwa kwe-Cd okwandayo37. Lokhu kuhambisana nemiphumela yocwaningo luka-Ouyang et al.39. Lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi okuqukethwe kwe-MDA kuthonywa kakhulu yi-lime, i-oxalic acid, i-lime kanye ne-oxalic acid. Ngemva kokufaka i-oxalic acid engu-0.1 mol L-1, okuqukethwe yi-MDA kwe-Panax notoginseng kwehle, okubonisa ukuthi i-oxalic acid inganciphisa ukutholakala kwamazinga e-Cd kanye ne-ROS ku-Panax notoginseng. Uhlelo lwe-enzyme ye-antioxidant yilapho umsebenzi wokukhipha ubuthi wesitshalo uqhubeka khona. I-SOD isusa i-O2- equkethwe amaseli ezitshalo futhi ikhiqize i-O2 engenabo ubuthi kanye ne-H2O2 ephansi enobuthi. I-POD kanye ne-CAT zisusa i-H2O2 ezicutshini zezitshalo futhi zivuselela ukubola kwe-H2O2 ibe yi-H2O. Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe-proteome ye-iTRAQ, kwatholakala ukuthi amazinga okuvezwa kwamaprotheni e-SOD kanye ne-PAL anciphile kanti izinga lokuvezwa kwe-POD landa ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwe-lime ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwe-Cd40. Imisebenzi ye-CAT, i-SOD kanye ne-POD empandeni ye-Panax notoginseng yathinteka kakhulu yisilinganiso se-oxalic acid kanye ne-lime. Ukwelashwa ngokufutha nge-0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid kwandise kakhulu umsebenzi we-SOD ne-CAT, kodwa umphumela wokulawula emsebenzini we-POD wawungabonakali. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi i-oxalic acid isheshisa ukubola kwe-ROS ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwe-Cd futhi ikakhulukazi iqeda ukususwa kwe-H2O2 ngokulawula umsebenzi we-CAT, okufana nemiphumela yocwaningo kaGuo ​​et al.41 kuma-enzyme e-antioxidant e-Pseudospermum sibiricum. Kos. ). Umphumela wokwengeza i-750 kg/h/m2 yelayisi emsebenzini wama-enzymes esistimu ye-antioxidant kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-malondialdehyde kufana nomphumela wokufutha nge-oxalic acid. Imiphumela ikhombisile ukuthi ukwelashwa ngokufutha nge-oxalic acid kungathuthukisa ngempumelelo imisebenzi ye-SOD ne-CAT ku-Panax notoginseng futhi kuthuthukise ukumelana nokucindezeleka kwe-Panax notoginseng. Imisebenzi ye-SOD kanye ne-POD yehliswe ngokwelashwa nge-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid kanye ne-3750 kg hm-2 lime, okubonisa ukuthi ukufafaza ngokweqile amazinga aphezulu e-oxalic acid kanye ne-Ca2+ kungabangela ukucindezeleka kwezitshalo, okuhambisana nocwaningo lwe-Luo kanye nabanye. Wait 42.