I-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) iphakamise ukuvinjelwa cishe kukho konke ukusetshenziswa kwe-dichloromethane, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-dichloromethane, insiza evamise ukusetshenziswa encibilikisayo nokucubungula. Ukuvinjelwa okuhlongozwayo kuzoba nomthelela omkhulu ezimbonini eziningi, phakathi kwezigidi eziyi-100 nezingu-250 zamaphawundi amakhemikhali akhiqizwa noma angenisiwe ngo-2019. Ukusetshenziswa okumbalwa okusele, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa njenge-reagent yokukhiqiza i-HFC-32, kuzoba ngaphansi kwemikhawulo eqinile kunamazinga amanje e-OSHA.
I-EPA imemezele ukuvinjelwa okuhlongozwayo kanye nemikhawulo kumthetho ohlongozwayo othunyelwe ngoMeyi 3, 2023, 83 Fed. bhalisa. 28284. Lesi siphakamiso sizovimbela konke okunye ukusetshenziswa kwabathengi kwe-dichloromethane. Noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni nezohwebo kwe-dichloromethane, okuhlanganisa njengoketshezi lokudlulisa ukushisa noma olunye usizo lwenqubo, kanye nokusetshenziswa okuningi njenge-solvent, kuzophinde kunqatshelwe, ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa okuyishumi okukhethekile, okubili kwakho okukhethekile kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa okungavunyelwe nokungabaliwe kufakwe ohlwini ekupheleni kwalesi sexwayiso. Imithetho yokusetshenziswa emisha ebalulekile esikhathini esizayo ingase ihlanganise ukusetshenziswa okungafakiwe kunoma yiluphi uhlu.
Ukusetshenziswa okuyishumi okungahlanganiswa nokuvinjelwa kuzodala imfuneko yokusebenzisa Uhlelo Lokuvikela Amakhemikhali Endawo Yomsebenzi (WCPP) olusekelwe kuzinga le-OSHA le-methylene chloride, kodwa ngemikhawulo ekhona yokuchayeka kumakhemikhali engaphansi ngo-92% kune-OSHA ekuvumelayo.
Abantu abanentshisekelo banesikhathi kuze kube umhla zi-3 kuJulayi, 2023 ukuthi bathumele imibono ngomthetho ohlongozwayo. I-EPA icele ukuphawula ngezihloko ezingama-44, okuhlanganisa ukuthi imfuneko ye-WCPP kufanele yini esikhundleni sokuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa okuthile kanye nokuthi ishejuli yokuvinjelwa esheshisiwe ingenzeka yini. I-EPA iphinde yacela ukuphawula ngokuthi noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa okunqatshelwe kuyafaneleka njengokusetshenziswa okubalulekile noma okubalulekile, njengoba zingekho ezinye izindlela eziphephile ezitholakalayo.
Lesi siphakamiso singesesibili esiphakanyiswe yi-EPA ngamakhemikhali ayishumi abalulekile angaphansi kokuhlolwa kwengozi ngaphansi kweSigaba 6 soMthetho Wokulawulwa Kwezinto Eziwubuthi (i-TSCA). Okokuqala, lesi yisiphakamiso sokuvimbela konke okunye ukusetshenziswa kwe-chrysotile. Umthetho wesithathu uphathelene ne-perchlorethylene, ebibuyekezwa yi-Office of Management and Budget (OMB) kusukela ngomhla ka-23 February 2023. Kusukela ngomhla ka-20 Mashi 2023, umthetho wokugcina osalungiswa we-chrysotile (bona isixwayiso sethu) ungaphansi kokubuyekezwa kwe-OMB.
Ukuhlolwa kwengozi kwangoJuni 2020 kwathola izingozi ezingadingekile kuzo zonke ngaphandle kwezimo eziyisithupha lapho kwasetshenziswa i-methylene chloride. Zonke eziyisithupha manje sezivela ohlwini lwemigomo yokusebenzisa ehlongozwayo ngokuya ngezidingo ze-WCPP. Incazelo ebuyekeziwe yangoNovemba 2022 yengozi ibonise ukuthi i-dichloromethane ngokuvamile ibeka ubungozi obungenangqondo, ngombandela owodwa kuphela wokusetshenziswa (ukusatshalaliswa kwezentengiso) ongathinti incazelo. Ukuvinjelwa okuhlongozwayo kuzobandakanya ukusatshalaliswa kwezentengiso kokusetshenziswa okunqatshelwe, kodwa hhayi ukusetshenziswa okuthobela i-WCPP. Ngemva kokuthola ukuthi i-dichloromethane idala ingozi engenangqondo, Isigaba 6(a) se-TSCA manje sidinga i-EPA ukuthi isebenzise imithetho yokulawula ubungozi yekhemikhali ngokwezinga elidingekayo ukuze ingabe isaba ingozi enjalo.
Ngaphambilini i-EPA yayivimbele abathengi ukuthi basebenzise i-methylene chloride ukuze basuse upende nama-coatings, 40 CFR § 751.105. I-EPA njengamanje ihlongoza ukuvimbela konke ukusetshenziswa kwabathengi okungahlanganiswa nesigaba 751.105, okuhlanganisa ukwenziwa, ukucubungula, nokusatshalaliswa kwezentengiso kwe-methylene chloride kanye nemikhiqizo equkethe i-methylene chloride ngalezi zinhloso.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-EPA ihlongoza ukuvimbela konke ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni nokuhweba kwe-dichloromethane engekho ngaphansi kwezimfuneko ze-WCPP, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqiza, ukucubungula, ukusatshalaliswa kwezentengiso, nokusetshenziswa ngaphansi kwalezi zimo zokusebenzisa.
Isiphetho salesi sexwayiso sibala izimo ezingu-45 zezimboni, ezentengiselwano, nezabathengi okuhlongozwa ukuba zivalwe. Lolu hlu luthathwe ku-2020 Risk Assessment. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-EPA ihlela ukwamukela Umthetho Obalulekile Omusha Wokusebenzisa (i-SNUR) ozosebenza kunoma iyiphi i-dichloromethane noma imikhiqizo equkethe i-dichloromethane engafakiwe ekuhloleni ubungozi. I-ajenda yokulawula eshicilelwe ngoJanuwari iphrojekthi ye-SNUR ehlongozwayo ngo-Ephreli 2023 (i-EPA isivele iphuthelwe yilolo suku) kanye ne-SNUR yokugcina ngoMashi 2024.
I-EPA ilinganisela ukuthi lokhu kuvinjelwa kuzolandisa cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yesamba sonyaka sokukhiqizwa kwe-methylene chloride noma ukungeniswa ngaphandle kwe-TSCA nokunye ukusetshenziswa.
[T]umthetho ohlongozwayo ngeke usebenze kunoma iyiphi into engabandakanyi encazelweni “yekhemikhali” ngaphansi kweSigaba 3(2)(B)(ii)-(vi) se-TSCA. Lokhu kukhishwa kuhlanganisa, kodwa akukhawulelwe ku... noma yikuphi ukudla, okunezithasiselo zokudla, izidakamizwa, izimonyo, noma idivayisi, njengoba kuchazwe eSigabeni 201 se-Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, lapho kukhiqizwa, kucubungula, noma kusatshalaliswa ngezinjongo zokuthengisa. . ukusetshenziswa ekudleni, izithasiselo zokudla, izidakamizwa, izimonyo noma amathuluzi...
Mayelana nezinto ezinamathelayo ekwenziweni kwamabhethri ahloselwe ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelashwa, njengoba kuchazwe esigabeni 201(h) seFederal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, lokho kusetshenziswa okucacisiwe okufanelekela “njengamadivayisi” uma “kwenziwa, kucutshungulwa, noma kusatshalaliswa ukuze asetshenziswe njengethuluzi” kuzosuswa encazelweni “yekhemikhali” futhi ngenxa yalokho bekungeke kube ngaphansi kwalo mthetho.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-dichloromethane njengoketshezi olusebenzayo ohlelweni oluvaliwe enqubweni yezemithi kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwayo njenge-solvent yokukhipha ekuhlanzweni kwezidakamizwa, futhi i- [EPA] iphethe ngokuthi lokhu kusetshenziswa kuwela ngaphansi kokuhlukile kuzincazelo ezingenhla, hhayi "amakhemikhali" ngokusho kwe-TSCA.
Ukwenqatshelwa kwezikhuthazo ezikhawulela ukugcinwa kwe-methylene chloride nemikhiqizo equkethe i-methylene chloride. I-EPA icela ukuphawula mayelana nokuthi isikhathi esengeziwe siyadingeka yini, isibonelo, ukuhlanza imigudu yokusabalalisa imikhiqizo evinjelwe. Ngokunikezwa kwesicelo sokuphawula manje, i-EPA ingase ingathambekele kangako ekucabangeleni izicelo zesandiso ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Njengoba kuboniswe yi-45 Prohibited Use Conditions, i-methylene chloride isetshenziswa ezimbonini eziningi, kufaka phakathi njenge-solvent kanye nosizo lokucubungula. Ngenxa yalokho, lesi siphakamiso, uma siphothulwa, sizothinta inqwaba yezimboni. Ukuhlolwa Kwengozi kwango-2020 kugqamisa ezinye izindawo zokusetshenziswa:
I-Dichloromethane inezinhlobo eziningi zokusetshenziswa, okuhlanganisa ama-sealant, imikhiqizo yezimoto, kanye nezikhipha upende nezindwangu. I-Dichloromethane yaziwa kakhulu njenge-solvent kuma-thinners kapende nasezinhlelweni zemithi nezamafilimu. Isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti efuthayo ye-polyurethane kanye nasekukhiqizeni iziqandisi ze-hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) njenge-HFC-32. Ibuye itholakale kuma-aerosol propellants kanye nezincibilikisi ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni i-electronics, ukuhlanza insimbi nokususa amafutha, kanye nokuqedwa kwefenisha.
Ithemba lokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwe-methylene chloride liphakamisa imibuzo enzima mayelana nezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo. I-EPA ibheka lolu daba lapho ihlola ezinye izindlela, ezichazwe esethulweni ngale ndlela elandelayo:
Ukuze kunqunywe imigomo yokusetshenziswa yemikhiqizo okwamanje equkethe i-methylene chloride, i-EPA ihlonze amakhulu ezinye izindlela ezitholakalayo ezithengiswayo ezingezona i-methylene chloride futhi, ngokwezinga okungenzeka ngalo, ifake ohlwini ukwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali okuhlukile noma izithako Ekuhloleni Okuhlukile. .
I-EPA ihlonze eminye imikhiqizo engama-65 esigabeni sokususa upende nokuhlanganisa, lapho ukuqedwa kwefenisha kuyisigaba esingaphansi (ref. 48). Njengoba kuphawuliwe ekuhlaziyweni komnotho, nakuba kungeyona yonke le mikhiqizo ehlukile engase ifanelekele izinjongo ezithile zezinhlelo ezithile zokulungisa ifenisha, izindlela zemishini noma ezishisayo zingase zibe ezinye izindlela ezingezona zamakhemikhali kunokusebenzisa imikhiqizo equkethe i-methylene chloride ekupendeni nasekususeni izimbotshana. … …I-EPA ikholelwa ukuthi kukhona ezinye izindlela ezisebenza kahle ngokomnotho nangokwezomnotho emakethe…
[A] Ezinye izindlela ze-methylene chloride ezingaphawulwanga njengezinsiza zokucubungula. I-EPA icela ulwazi lwezinye izindlela ezingase zibe khona kunezinsiza zokucubungula i-methylene chloride njengoba ihlobene nezinketho zokulawula ezihlongozwayo ngaphansi kwalesi Sivumelwano.
Ukushoda kwezinye izindlela ezikhonjiwe ezingasetshenziswa njengezithasiselo kuyinkinga engaba khona. I-EPA ichaza imigomo yokusetshenziswa kanje:
Ukusetshenziswa kwemboni noma kwezentengiso kwe-dichloromethane ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwenqubo noma okokusebenza kwenqubo, noma lapho i-dichloromethane yengezwa enqubweni noma kwinto noma ingxube ezophathwa ukuze iguqule noma ivimbele i-pH yento noma ingxube. I-ejenti yokwelapha ayibi yingxenye yomkhiqizo wokusabela futhi ayithinti umsebenzi wento ewumphumela noma i-athikili.
I-Dichloromethane isetshenziswa "njengesengezo senqubo" futhi isetshenziswa njengendawo yokudlulisa ukushisa ezinhlelweni ezivaliwe. Umthetho ohlongozwayo uzophinde uvimbele lokhu kusetshenziswa kwe-dichloromethane naphezu kwamandla ayo aphansi okuchayeka. Nokho, isendlalelo siyengeza:
I-EPA icele ukuphawula mayelana nezinga lapho ezinye izinhlangano ezisebenzisa i-methylene chloride njengosizo lokucubungula zizothobelana nemfuneko ehlongozwayo ye-WCPP ye-methylene chloride. Uma izinhlangano ezimbalwa zingabonisa ngenhlanganisela yedatha yokuqapha kanye nezincazelo zenqubo ukuthi ukuqhubeka nokusetshenziswa kwe-methylene chloride akubavezi abasebenzi engcupheni engadingekile, i-EPA iqinisekisa ukuzimisela kwayo ukuphothula umthethonqubo lapho izimo [isb. ukusetshenziswa njengendlela yokudlulisa ukushisa] noma izimo ezijwayelekile zokusetshenziswa [njengensiza yokucubungula] zingaqhubeka ngokuvumelana ne-WCPP...
Ngakho-ke, izinkampani ezisebenzisa i-methylene chloride ezinhlelweni ezinomthelela ophansi, njengamanzi okudlulisa ukushisa, zinenketho yokucela i-EPA ukuthi iguqule ukuvinjelwa okuhlongozwayo kokusetshenziswa okunjalo ukuze kudinga ukuqaliswa kwe-WCPP-inqobo nje uma zingabonisa ku-EPA ukuthi zingahambisana nezidingo ze-WCCP okuxoxwe ngazo ngezansi. I-Environmental Protection Agency nayo yathi:
Uma i-EPA ingakwazi ukuhlonza ezinye izindlela kulesi simo sokusebenzisa futhi inganikezi ulwazi olwengeziwe ukuze i-EPA ikwazi ukunquma ukuthi i-WCPP isusa ubungozi obungenangqondo Ukumoshwa Okufanelekile.
Isigaba sesi-6(d) sidinga ukuthi i-EPA ifune ukuthotshelwa ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, kodwa kungakapheli iminyaka emi-5 ngemva kokukhishwa komthetho wokugcina. Ngamanye amazwi, ukusetshenziswa okunjalo kungase kuvumeleke ukunwetshwa kwesikhathi sokuthobela.
Ezimweni eziyishumi zokusetshenziswa ezibalwe ngezansi, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqiza nokucubungula ukuze kukhiqizwe i-HFC-32, ukugaywa kabusha nokulahlwa, i-EPA iphakamise Izilawuli Zokuchayeka Endaweni Yomsebenzi (okungukuthi i-WCPP) njengenye indlela yokuvinjelwa. Izinyathelo zokulawula zihlanganisa izidingo zemikhawulo yokuchayeka, izindawo ezilawulwayo, ukuqapha ukuchayeka (okuhlanganisa nezidingo zokuqapha ezintsha ngokuhambisana nomkhuba omuhle waselabhorethri), izinqubo zokuthobela, ukuvikela ukuphefumula, ukuvikela isikhumba, kanye nemfundo. Le mithetho yengeza izinga le-OSHA methylene chloride 29 CFR § 1910.1052, kodwa isekelwe kakhulu kulelo zinga ngoshintsho olulodwa olubalulekile.
Amazinga e-OSHA (ekuqaleni amukelwa ngo-1997) anomkhawulo Ovunyelwe Wokuchayeka (i-PEL) wama-25 ppm (isilinganiso samahora angu-8 esilinganiselwe isikhathi (TWA)) kanye Nomkhawulo Wesikhathi Esifushane Wokuchayeka (STEL) we-125 ppm (TWA yamaminithi angu-15) . Uma kuqhathaniswa, i-TSCA Chemical Exposure Limit (ECEL) yamanje ingu-2 ppm (8 amahora TWA) kanye ne-STEL ingu-16 ppm (imizuzu engu-15 TWA). Ngakho i-ECEL ingu-8% kuphela we-OSHA PEL futhi i-EPA STEL izoba ngu-12.8% we-OSHA STEL. Amazinga okulawula kufanele asetshenziswe ngokuhambisana ne-ECEL kanye ne-STEL, izilawuli zobuchwepheshe zibe yinto eza kuqala futhi ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokuvikela umuntu kuyisinyathelo sokugcina.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu abahlangabezana nezimfuneko ze-OSHA bangase bangahlangabezani ne-ECEL ne-STEL enconyiwe. Ukungabaza mayelana nekhono lokuhlangabezana nale mikhawulo yokuchayeka kuyisici esiholele i-EPA ukuthi ivimbele ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwezimboni nokuhweba kwe-methylene chloride kanye nemikhiqizo equkethe i-methylene chloride.
Ngokungeziwe ekusetshenzisweni kokukhiqiza nokucubungula okusohlwini, izinhlinzeko ze-WCPP zisebenza nasekulahlweni nasekucutshungulweni kwe-methylene chloride kanye nemikhiqizo equkethe i-methylene chloride. Ngenxa yalokho, izinkampani zokulahla imfucuza kanye nabagayli kabusha okungenzeka abazazi izidingo ze-TSCA bazodinga ukwedlula izindinganiso ze-OSHA.
Uma kubhekwa ububanzi bokuvinjelwa okuhlongozwayo kanye nenani lezimboni zabasebenzisi ezingase zithinteke, ukuphawula ngalo mthetho ohlongozwayo kungase kubaluleke kakhulu kunokujwayelekile. Amazwana azothunyelwa ku-EPA ngo-Julayi 3, 2023. Isethulo sincoma ukuthi izinhlangano zithumele amazwana ezimfuneko zamaphepha ngokuqondile ku-OMB ngo-June 2, 2023.
Ngaphambi kokuphawula, izinkampani nezinhlangano zezohwebo (ngokombono wamalungu azo) zingafisa ukucabangela lokhu okulandelayo:
Abahlaziyi bangase bafune ukucacisa ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwe-methylene chloride, izilawuli zabo zobunjiniyela ukuze kukhawulwe ukuchayeka, uhlelo lwamanje lokuthobela i-OSHA methylene chloride, imiphumela yokuqapha ukuhlanzeka kwemboni ye-methylene chloride (nokuthi iqhathaniswa kanjani ne-ECEL vs. STEL ukuqhathanisa). ; izinkinga zobuchwepheshe ezihlobene nokuhlonza noma ukushintshela kwenye i-methylene chloride ukuze bayisebenzise; usuku abangashintshela ngalo kwenye (uma kungenzeka); kanye nokubaluleka kokusebenzisa kwabo i-methylene chloride.
Ukuphawula okunjalo kungase kusekele ukunwetshwa kwesikhathi sokuthobela ukuze kusetshenziswe, noma imfuneko ye-EPA ukuze kukhululwe ukusetshenziswa okuthile kwe-methylene chloride ekuvinjweni ngaphansi kweSigaba 6(g) se-TSCA. Isigaba 6(g)(1) sithi:
Uma umlawuli ethola ukuthi...
(A) ukusetshenziswa okucacisiwe kuwukusetshenziswa okubalulekile noma okubalulekile okungekho okunye okunye okuphephile okunokwenzeka ngokomnotho, kucatshangelwa izingozi nomthelela;
(B) ukuthobela imfuneko esebenza ezimweni ezithile zokusetshenziswa kungase kuphazamise kabi umnotho wezwe, ukuphepha kwezwe, noma ingqalasizinda ebalulekile; noma
(C) Izimo ezishiwo zokusetshenziswa kwekhemikhali noma ingxube zinikeza inzuzo ebalulekile yezempilo, indawo ezungezile noma ukuphepha komphakathi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela ezitholakalayo ngokunengqondo.
Kufaka phakathi imibandela, okuhlanganisa ukugcinwa kwamarekhodi okunengqondo, izimfuneko zokuqapha kanye nokubika, kuze kufike ezingeni lapho uMlawuli enquma ukuthi lezi zimo ziyadingeka ukuze kuvikelwe impilo kanye nemvelo kuyilapho ehlangabezana nenhloso yokukhululwa.
Isethulo sithi i-EPA izocabangela ukuhoxiswa kweSigaba 6(g) uma zingekho ezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo futhi ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko ze-WCPP akunakwenzeka:
Okunye, uma i-EPA ingakwazi ukunquma enye indlela yalesi simo sokusetshenziswa [njengendlela yokudlulisa ukushisa] futhi, ngokusekelwe olwazini olusha, i-EPA inquma ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kuzothinta kakhulu ukuphepha kwezwe noma ingqalasizinda ebalulekile, I-Ejensi I-EPA izobuyekeza ukukhululwa kwe-TSCA Isigaba 6(g).
Abahlaziyi bangabonisa ukuthi bangakwazi yini ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko ze-WCPP, futhi uma kungenjalo, yiziphi izimfuneko zokuchayeka ezikhawulelayo abangahlangabezana nazo.
Umshwana wokuzihlangula: Ngenxa yesimo esijwayelekile salesi sibuyekezo, ulwazi olunikezwe lapha kungenzeka lungasebenzi kuzo zonke izimo, futhi akufanele kusetshenzwe ngaphandle kweseluleko esiqondile sezomthetho esisekelwe esimweni sakho esithile.
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