Ngo-Ephreli 20, 2023, i-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) yamemezela ukukhishwa komthethonqubo ohlongozwayo ngaphansi kweSigaba 6(a) soMthetho Wokulawula Izinto Ezinobuthi (TSCA) ovimbela ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwe-methylene chloride. I-EPA yathi ukuhlolwa kwayo kwengozi okungaqinisekisiwe kwe-dichloromethane kwakubangelwa izingozi ezihlobene nabasebenzi, abangochwepheshe abangasebenzisi (ama-ONU), abathengi, kanye nalabo abaseduze nokusetshenziswa kwabathengi. I-Environmental Protection Agency ithole ingozi yemiphumela emibi empilweni yabantu evela ekuphefumuleni nasekuchayweni kwesikhumba yi-methylene chloride, okuhlanganisa ubuthi bemizwa, imiphumela esibindini, kanye nomdlavuza. I-EPA ithe umthetho wayo ohlongozwayo wokuphathwa kwengozi "uzonciphisa ngokushesha" ukukhiqizwa, ukucubungula kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwe-methylene chloride kuzo zonke izinhlobo zabathengi kanye nezimboni kanye nezentengiselwano, eziningi zazo ezizoqalwa ngokugcwele zingakapheli izinyanga eziyi-15. I-EPA iphawule ukuthi ekusetshenzisweni okuningi kwe-methylene chloride, izophakamisa ukuyivimbela. Ukuhlaziywa kubonise ukuthi ezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa i-methylene chloride ezinezindleko ezifanayo kanye nokusebenza kahle zivame ukutholakala. Uma umthetho ohlongozwayo usushicilelwe ku-Federal Register, kuzoqala isikhathi sokuphawula sezinsuku ezingama-60.
Ngaphansi kwenguqulo ehlongozwayo yomthetho ohlongozwayo ngaphansi kweSigaba 6(b se-TSCA), i-EPA inqume ukuthi i-methylene chloride ibeka ingozi engafanele yokulimala empilweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izindleko noma ezinye izinto ezingezona ingozi, okuhlanganisa ingozi engafanele ezimweni zokusetshenziswa (i-COU) kulabo abakhonjwe njengabangase bavezwe noma basengozini yokuhlolwa kwengozi ye-methylene chloride ka-2020. Ukuze kuqedwe ingozi engafanele, i-EPA incoma, ngokuhambisana neSigaba 6(a) se-TSCA:
I-EPA ithi wonke ama-TSCA COU e-dichloromethane (ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwawo kumapende abathengi kanye nokususa upende, asebenza ngokwehlukana ngaphansi kwe-TSCA Section 6 (84 Fed. Reg. 11420, Mashi 27, 2019)) angaphansi kwalesi sipho. Ngokusho kwe-EPA, i-TSCA ichaza ama-COU njengezimo ezilindelwe, ezaziwayo, noma ezingabikezelwa lapho ikhemikhali ikhiqizwa, icutshungulwa, isatshalaliswa, isetshenziswa, noma ilahlwa khona ngezinjongo zokuhweba. I-EPA icela umphakathi ukuthi uphawule ngezici ezahlukene zesiphakamiso.
Ngokusho kwesitatimende sabezindaba se-EPA, i-EPA ixhumane ne-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ekuthuthukiseni umthetho ohlongozwayo "futhi yacabangela izidingo ze-OSHA ezikhona ekuthuthukiseni izidingo zokuvikela abasebenzi ezihlongozwayo." ukuze kuqedwe izingozi ezingadingekile. Abaqashi bazoba nonyaka owodwa wokuthobela i-WCPP ngemuva kokuba i-EPA ikhiphe imithetho yokugcina yokuphathwa kwezingozi futhi kuzodingeka baqaphe izindawo zabo zokusebenza njalo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzi abachayeki ku-methylene chloride, okungaba yingozi engadingekile.
I-EPA “icela umphakathi ukuthi ubukeze umthetho ohlongozwayo futhi unikeze imibono yawo.” I-EPA ithe “inesithakazelo esikhulu sokuzwa imibono yezinhlangano ezidingekayo ukuze kuqaliswe uhlelo oluhlongozwayo mayelana nokusebenziseka kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezimfuneko zokuvikelwa kwabasebenzi ezihlongozwayo.” I-EPA, izosingatha i-webinar evulekile yabaqashi nabasebenzi emasontweni azayo, “kodwa izoba wusizo kunoma ngubani ofuna umbono jikelele wezinyathelo zomthetho ezihlongozwayo zokuxoxa ngezinhlelo ezihlongozwayo.” .
I-Bergeson & Campbell, PC (B&C®) ibikezela isiqondiso sezinyathelo zokulawula ze-methylene chloride eziphakanyisiwe ze-EPA kanye nezinketho ezinkulu zokulawula. Umthetho ophakanyisiwe we-EPA uhambisana nezincomo zawo emthethweni ohlongozwayo wokuphathwa kwengozi ye-chrysotile, okuhlanganisa nezinyathelo zokulawula eziphakanyisiwe zokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa, ezinye izindlela zokulawula ezibalulekile zokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esinqunyiwe ngaphansi kwe-TSCA Isigaba 6(g) (isb., ukuphepha kwezwe kanye nengqalasizinda ebalulekile) futhi iphakamisa imikhawulo yamanje yokuchayeka kwamakhemikhali (ama-ECEL) engaphansi kakhulu kwemikhawulo yamanje yokuchayeka emsebenzini. Ngezansi, sifingqa izinkinga eziningana amalungu omphakathi olawulwayo okufanele azicabangele lapho elungiselela imibono yomphakathi ngemithetho ehlongozwayo ephakanyisiwe, futhi sikhumbuza wonke umuntu ngokubaluleka kokuzibandakanya ne-EPA kusenesikhathi ezinhlelweni ezingalawulwayo zokuhlinzeka ngolwazi ngemisebenzi yokulawula ezimweni. Imithethonqubo, okuhlanganisa ne-TSCA.
Njengoba kunikezwe isiqondiso esisha senqubomgomo ye-EPA ngendlela "yamakhemikhali aphelele", asimangali ukubona ukuthi isinyathelo sokulawula esiphakanyisiwe se-EPA "ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwezimboni nezentengiselwano kwe-dichloromethane." Kodwa-ke, i-EPA inikeza enye indlela enkulu yokulawula ukuvumela ukusetshenziswa okuthile okuvinjelwe okuphakanyisiwe ukuthi kuqhubeke kuncike ekuthobeleni i-WCPP. Sikhuluma ngalokhu ngoba iSigaba 6(a) se-TSCA sithi i-EPA kumele "isebenzise izidingo zokuqeda izingozi ezingadingekile ngezinga elidingekayo ukuze ikhemikhali noma ingxube ingabe isabangela izingozi ezinjalo." Uma i-WCPP ene-ECEL ivikela impilo kanye nemvelo, njengoba kukhuthazwa yi-EPA, kubonakala sengathi ukuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa okuthile kudlula umthetho "wezinga lokudingeka". Ngisho noma i-WCPP ivikela, ukwenqatshelwa okukhona kokusetshenziswa kwabathengi kusafaneleka ngoba abathengi bangase bangakwazi ukubonisa nokubhala phansi ukuhambisana nezivikelo ku-WCPP. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma indawo yokusebenza ingabonisa futhi ibhale phansi ukuhambisana nezidingo ze-WCPP, khona-ke kungenzeka ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okunjalo kufanele kuqhubeke kuvunyelwe.
Njengengxenye yezidingo ze-WCPP, i-EPA yathi izodinga "ukuthobela i-Good Laboratory Practice [GLP] 40 CFR Part 792". Lesi sidingo asihambisani nemizamo eminingi yokuqapha indawo yokusebenza eyenziwa ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso ze-Industrial Hygiene Laboratory Accreditation Program (IHLAP). Okulindelwe yi-EPA ngokuhlolwa kwe-GLP kokuqapha indawo yokusebenza kuhambisana nomyalelo wokuhlola owakhishwa ngo-2021, kodwa hhayi umyalelo wayo wemvume ojwayelekile. Isibonelo, ithempulethi ye-oda le-EPA TSCA Section 5(e) icacisa okulandelayo kuSigaba III.D:
Kodwa-ke, ukuhambisana ne-TSCA GLP akudingeki kulesi sigaba esisha se-Chemical Exposure Limits, lapho izindlela zokuhlaziya ziqinisekiswa khona yilabhorethri egunyazwe yi: I-American Industrial Hygiene Association (“AIHA”) Uhlelo Lokugunyazwa Kwelabhorethri Yezimboni (“IHLAP”) noma olunye uhlelo olufanayo oluvunywe ngokubhaliwe yi-EPA.
I-EPA icele ukuphawula ngezici ezithile zomthetho ohlongozwayo, okuyinto i-B&C eyincomayo ukuthi amaqembu angaba nomthelela ayicabangele. Isibonelo, i-EPA ixoxa ngegunya ngaphansi kwe-TSCA Isigaba 6(g) lokunikeza ukukhululwa okunqunyelwe isikhathi kwemibandela ethile yokusetshenziswa njengezindiza zomphakathi, futhi i-EPA ithi ukuhambisana nezidingo ezihlongozwayo "kuzophazamisa kakhulu... ingqalasizinda ebalulekile." “Siqaphela ukuthi lokhu kuxolelwa kuzofaka ukuhambisana ne-WCPP. Ngokufanayo, uma i-WCPP ivikela futhi isikhungo singahambisana ne-WCPP (isb. i-ECEL engamahlalakhona engenamdlavuza izingxenye ezi-2 ngesigidi (ppm) kanye nomkhawulo wokuchayeka wesikhathi esifushane (STEL) izingxenye eziyi-16 ngesigidi), leli gama libonakala lidlula izidingo zokuvikela impilo nemvelo. Sikholelwa ukuthi ukukhululwa kuzosetshenziswa lapho izindlela zokuvikela zinganele ukubhekana nengozi futhi ukuvinjelwa kungaphazamisa kakhulu imikhakha ebalulekile (njengokuvikela, izindiza, ingqalasizinda) ye-EPA. Kubonakala sengathi kunendlela efana ne-EU Regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), lapho izinto eziyingozi zizovinjelwa khona noma ngabe izinyathelo zokuphepha zanele, kuzo zonke izimo ngaphandle kwemingcele. Nakuba le ndlela ingaba nokukhanga okuvamile, kodwa ngokombono wethu, ayihlangabezani nesibopho seSigaba 6 se-EPA. Ukube iCongress ibizoshintsha i-TSCA isebenze njenge-REACH, iCongress ibizoyamukela leyo modeli, kodwa ngokusobala ayiyenzi.
I-EPA icaphuna iphepha lika-2022 elinesihloko esithi “Ukuhlolwa Kwezinye Izindlela Zokusebenzisa i-Dichloromethane” (ireferensi 40 emthethweni ohlongozwayo) kulo lonke umthetho ohlongozwayo. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu kuhlola, i-EPA yathi “ithole imikhiqizo equkethe izithako ezinezilinganiso ezithile zokuhlola ingozi eziphansi kune-dichloromethane kanye nezinye izithako ezinezilinganiso zokuhlola ingozi eziphakeme kune-dichloromethane (ireferensi 40)”. Ngesikhathi salokhu kuphawula, i-EPA ayikalayishi lo mbhalo ohlwini lokuhlola lwe-Rulemaking, futhi i-EPA ayizange iwenze utholakale kusizindalwazi sayo se-Health and Environment Research (HERO) esiku-inthanethi. Ngaphandle kokuhlola imininingwane yalo mbhalo, akunakwenzeka ukuhlola ukufaneleka kwezinye izindlela zokusetshenziswa ngakunye. Ezinye izindlela zokususa upende zingase zingasebenzi njengezinyibilikisi, njengalezo ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlanza izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezizwelayo endizeni.
Sikhulume ngokuntuleka kwemibhalo ngenhla ngoba izinhlangano ezithintekile ekuvinjelweni kwe-EPA okuhlongozwayo zizodinga lolu lwazi ukuze zithole ukuthi kungenzeka yini ubuchwepheshe bezinye izindlela, zihlole izingozi ezingaba khona zezinye izindlela ezifanele (okungaholela esenzweni sokulawula se-TSCA esizayo), futhi zilungiselele umbono womphakathi. . Siyaqaphela ukuthi i-US EPA ixoxa ngezinkinga ezinjalo "ezinye izindlela" emthethweni wayo ohlongozwayo we-chrysotile, ohlanganisa inhloso ye-US EPA yokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwe-chrysotile kuma-diaphragm asetshenziswa embonini ye-chlor-alkali. I-EPA iyavuma ukuthi "ubuchwepheshe obuhlukile be-diaphragm equkethe i-asbestos ekukhiqizweni kwe-chlor-alkali bunezinga eliphakeme lezinto ze-perfluoroalkyl kanye ne-polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) uma kuqhathaniswa nenani lamakhemikhali e-PFAS aqukethwe kuma-diaphragm aqukethe i-asbestos," kodwa ayiqhathanisi izingozi ezingaba khona zezinye izindlela.
Ngaphezu kwezinkinga zokuphathwa kwengozi ezingenhla, sikholelwa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-US Environmental Protection Agency ngezingozi ezingaba khona ezihlobene ne-dichloromethane kusenezikhala ezinkulu zomthetho. Njengoba kuxoxwe ngakho kumemo yethu yangoNovemba 11, 2022, i-EPA ibhekisela njalo ekusetshenzisweni kwayo kombhalo ka-2018 onesihloko esithi “Ukusebenzisa Ukuhlaziywa Okuhlelekile Ekuhlolweni Kwengozi ye-TSCA” (“Idokhumenti ye-SR ka-2018”) njengesisekelo sokufeza izibopho zayo. Le mfuneko isebenzisa idatha yesayensi engcono kakhulu etholakalayo kanye nobufakazi besayensi njengoba kuchaziwe kuSigaba 26(h) kanye (i) se-TSCA ngokulandelana. Isibonelo, i-EPA ithi kumthethonqubo wayo ohlongozwayo ku-methylene chloride ukuthi:
I-EPA ibheka i-dichloromethane ECEL njengemele isayensi engcono kakhulu etholakalayo ngaphansi kweSigaba 26(h) se-TSCA ngoba ithathwe olwazini olutholakale ekuhlolweni kwengozi ye-dichloromethane ka-2020, okwakungumphumela wokuhlaziywa okuhlelekile okwenziwe. ukuhlolwa ukuthola noma yimiphi imiphumela emibi yezempilo efanele. [dwebela]
Njengoba sibhale ngaphambili, iNational Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) ibuyekeze idokhumenti ye-SR ka-2018 ngesicelo se-EPA futhi yaphetha ngokuthi:
Indlela ye-OPPT yokubuyekeza okuhlelekile ayibonisi ngokwanele iqiniso, [futhi] i-OPPT kufanele iphinde icabangele indlela yayo yokubuyekeza okuhlelekile futhi icabangele imibono nezincomo eziqukethwe kulo mbiko.
Abafundi bayakhunjuzwa ukuthi i-TSCA Isigaba 26(h) sidinga i-EPA ukuthi yenze izinqumo ngokuhambisana nesayensi engcono kakhulu etholakalayo ngokuhambisana ne-TSCA Izigaba 4, 5, kanye no-6, ezifaka phakathi izinqubo nezindlela ezifana nokubuyekezwa okuhlelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzisa kwe-EPA idokhumenti ye-SR ka-2018 ekuhlolweni kwayo kokugcina kwengozi ye-dichloromethane nakho kuphakamisa ukungabaza ngokuhambisana kwe-EPA nezimfuneko zobufakazi besayensi ezibekwe kuSigaba 26(i) se-TSCA, i-EPA eyibeka "njengendlela yokuhlaziya ehlelekile" yobufakazi noma ngendlela eqinisekile. …"
Imithetho emibili ephakanyisiwe ye-EPA ngaphansi kweSigaba 6(a se-TSCA), okuyi-Chrysotile ne-Methylene Chloride, ibeka imithetho yemithetho ephakanyisiwe yokuphathwa kwengozi ye-EPA yamakhemikhali amakhulu ayi-10 asele i-EPA ewabheka njengabeka izingozi ezingadingekile. Eminye imibono isetshenziswa ekuhlolweni kokugcina kwengozi. Izimboni ezisebenzisa lezi zinto kufanele zilungiselele ukuvinjelwa okuzayo, i-WCPP, noma ukukhululwa kwesikhathi okudinga ukuhambisana ne-WCPP. I-B&C incoma ukuthi ababambiqhaza babuyekeze umthethonqubo ophakanyisiwe we-methylene chloride, noma ngabe abafundi abayisebenzisi i-methylene chloride, futhi banikeze imibono efanele, beqaphela ukuthi izinketho eziphakanyisiwe zokuphathwa kwengozi ye-methylene chloride cishe zizoba yingxenye yeminye imithetho ye-EPA yesikhathi esizayo. Amakhemikhali anokuhlolwa kokugcina kwengozi (isb. i-1-bromopropane, i-carbon tetrachloride, i-1,4-dioxane, i-perchlorethylene kanye ne-trichlorethylene).
Isixwayiso: Ngenxa yohlobo olujwayelekile lwalesi sibuyekezo, ulwazi olunikezwe lapha lungase lungasebenzi kuzo zonke izimo, futhi akufanele lusetshenziswe ngaphandle kweseluleko esithile sezomthetho ngokusekelwe esimweni sakho esithile.
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