Ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe yishumi ehola umfelandawonye onamandla kakhulu emhlabeni, uNobhala Jikelele we-EU usekulungele ukudlulisa induku.
Ubufakazi obusha obukhishwe yiFrance ngoLwesithathu buxhumanisa ngqo umbuso waseSyria nokuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali kwango-Ephreli 4 okwabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-80, okubalwa nezingane eziningi, futhi kwashukumisela uMengameli uDonald Trump ukuba ayale ukuhlaselwa kwesikhungo sezindiza saseSyria.
Ubufakazi obusha obukhishwe yiFrance ngoLwesithathu buxhumanisa ngqo umbuso waseSyria nokuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali kwango-Ephreli 4 okwabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-80, okubalwa nezingane eziningi, futhi kwashukumisela uMengameli uDonald Trump ukuba ayale ukuhlaselwa kwesikhungo sezindiza saseSyria.
Ubufakazi obusha, obuqukethwe embikweni wamakhasi ayisithupha olungiselelwe yizobunhloli zaseFrance, buyindaba yomphakathi enemininingwane eminingi yokusebenzisa kweSyria i-sarin ebulalayo ekuhlaselweni kwedolobha laseKhan Sheikhoun.
Umbiko waseFrance uphakamisa ukungabaza okusha mayelana nokuba semthethweni kwalokho okwamenyezelwa njengesivumelwano sezikhali zamakhemikhali sase-US-Russia esasayinwa ngasekupheleni kuka-2013 nguNobhala Wezwe wase-US uJohn Kerry kanye noNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle waseRussia uSergei Lavrov. Lesi sivumelwano sibekwe njengendlela ephumelelayo yokuqeda uhlelo lwezikhali zamakhemikhali zaseSyria "ezimenyezelwe". IFrance iphinde yathi iSyria ibilokhu ifuna ukufinyelela amashumi amatani e-isopropyl alcohol, isithako esiyinhloko ku-sarin, kusukela ngo-2014, naphezu kwesithembiso sika-Okthoba 2013 sokubhubhisa izikhali zayo zamakhemikhali.
“Ukuhlolwa kweFrance kuphetha ngokuthi kusenokungabaza okukhulu ngokunemba, imininingwane kanye nobuqotho bokuqedwa kokusebenza kwezikhali zamakhemikhali zaseSiriya,” kusho lo mbhalo. “Ikakhulukazi, iFrance ikholelwa ukuthi naphezu kokuzibophezela kweSyria ekubhubhiseni zonke izinqwaba nezindawo, igcine ikhono lokukhiqiza noma lokugcina iSarin.”
Okutholakele kweFrance, okusekelwe kumasampula ezemvelo aqoqwe eKhan Sheikhoun kanye nesampula yegazi elithathwe komunye wezisulu ngosuku lokuhlaselwa, kusekela izimangalo zase-US, UK, Turkey kanye ne-OPCW zokuthi igesi iSarin yasetshenziswa eKhan Sheikhoun.
Kodwa amaFulentshi aqhubeka nokusho lokhu, ethi uhlobo lwe-sarin olusetshenziswe ekuhlaselweni kukaKhan Sheikhoun lwalufana nolwalolu hlobo lwe-sarin olwaqoqwa ngesikhathi kuhlaselwa uhulumeni waseSyria edolobheni laseSarakib ngo-Ephreli 29, 2013. Ngemva kwalokhu kuhlasela, iFrance yathola ikhophi yebhomu elingaqhumanga, elingakaqhumi eliqukethe amamililitha ayi-100 e-sarin.
Ngokusho kwephephandaba laseFrance elishicilelwe ngoLwesithathu eParis nguNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle waseFrance uJean-Marc Herault, idivayisi yokuqhuma yamakhemikhali yaphonswa endizeni enophephela emhlane futhi "uhulumeni waseSyria kumele ukuthi wayisebenzisa ekuhlaselweni kweSarakib."
Ukuhlolwa kwegrenade kwembule iminonjana ye-hexamine yamakhemikhali, ingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo lwezikhali zamakhemikhali zaseSiriya. Ngokusho kwemibiko yaseFrance, i-Syrian Center for Scientific Research, i-incubator yezikhali zamakhemikhali yombuso, ithuthukise inqubo yokwengeza i-herotropin ezingxenyeni ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-sarin, i-isopropanol kanye ne-methylphosphonodifluoride, ukuze kuzinziswe i-sarin futhi kwandiswe ukusebenza kwayo.
Ngokusho kwephephandaba laseFrance, “i-sarin ekhona ezinhlamvwini ezisetshenziswe ngo-Ephreli 4 yakhiqizwa kusetshenziswa inqubo efanayo yokukhiqiza eyasetshenziswa umbuso waseSiriya ekuhlaselweni kweSarin eSaraqib.” “Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwe-hexamine kusikisela ukuthi inqubo yokukhiqiza yathuthukiswa yisikhungo socwaningo sikahulumeni waseSiriya.”
“Lesi yisikhathi sokuqala uhulumeni kazwelonke eqinisekisa obala ukuthi uhulumeni waseSiriya usebenzise i-hexamine ukukhiqiza i-sarin, okuqinisekisa umbono obelokhu usakazeka iminyaka engaphezu kwemithathu,” kusho uDan Casetta, uchwepheshe wezikhali zamakhemikhali oseLondon futhi owayeyisikhulu sase-US. Isikhulu se-Army Chemical Corps u-Urotropine asitholakalanga kumaphrojekthi e-sarin kwamanye amazwe.
“Ukuba khona kwe-urotropin,” esho, “kuhlanganisa zonke lezi zigameko ne-sarin futhi kuzixhumanisa eduze nohulumeni waseSiriya.”
“Imibiko yezobunhloli yaseFrance inikeza ubufakazi besayensi obunamandla kakhulu obuxhumanisa uhulumeni waseSiriya nokuhlaselwa kukaKhan Sheikhoun sarin,” kusho uGregory Koblenz, umqondisi wohlelo lweziqu ze-biodefense eGeorge Mason University.
I-Syrian Research Center (SSRC) yasungulwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 ukuze ithuthukise ngasese izikhali zamakhemikhali nezinye izikhali ezingezona ezejwayelekile. Emuva maphakathi nawo-1980, i-CIA yathi umbuso waseSiriya wawukwazi ukukhiqiza cishe amathani ayi-8 e-sarin ngenyanga.
Uhulumeni kaTrump, okhiphe ubufakazi obuncane bokubandakanyeka kweSyria ekuhlaselweni kukaKhan Sheikhoun, kuleli sonto unikeze izisebenzi ze-SSRC ezingu-271 imvume yokuziphindiselela ngokuhlasela.
Uhulumeni waseSyria uyakuphika ukusetshenziswa kwe-sarin noma esinye isikhali samakhemikhali. IRussia, umxhasi oyinhloko weSyria, ithe ukukhishwa kwezinto ezinobuthi eKhan Sheikhoun kube umphumela wokuhlaselwa kwezindiza zaseSyria ezindaweni zokugcina izikhali zamakhemikhali zamavukelambuso.
Kodwa amaphephandaba aseFrance aphikisana nalesi simangalo, ethi “umbono wokuthi amaqembu ahlomile asebenzise i-nerve agent ukwenza ukuhlaselwa kwango-Ephreli 4 awukholeki…Akekho kula maqembu owayenekhono lokusebenzisa i-nerve agent noma umoya odingekayo.”
Ngokuthumela i-imeyili yakho, uvumelana neNqubomgomo Yobumfihlo kanye Nemigomo Yokusebenzisa futhi uthola ama-imeyili avela kithi. Ungakhetha ukuphuma noma nini.
Izingxoxo bezihanjelwe yinxusa langaphambilini lase-US, isazi nge-Iran, isazi ngeLibya kanye nomeluleki wangaphambilini weBritish Conservative Party.
IShayina, iRussia kanye nabalingani bayo abangondlovukayiphikiswa babhebhezela enye ingxabano enkulu ezwekazini elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.
Ngokuthumela i-imeyili yakho, uvumelana neNqubomgomo Yobumfihlo kanye Nemigomo Yokusebenzisa futhi uthola ama-imeyili avela kithi. Ungakhetha ukuphuma noma nini.
Ngokubhalisa, ngiyavumelana neNqubomgomo Yobumfihlo kanye Nemigomo Yokusebenzisa, futhi ngithola okunikezwayo okukhethekile okuvela kwiNqubomgomo Yezangaphandle ngezikhathi ezithile.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, i-United States iye yathatha isinyathelo sokunciphisa ukukhula kobuchwepheshe beShayina. Izijeziso eziholwa yi-US zibeke imingcele engakaze ibonwe ekufinyeleleni kweBeijing kumakhono ekhompyutha athuthukile. Ngenxa yalokho, iShayina yasheshisa intuthuko yemboni yayo yobuchwepheshe futhi yanciphisa ukuthembela kwayo ezintweni zangaphandle. UWang Dan, uchwepheshe wezobuchwepheshe kanye nomlingani ovakashile ePaul Tsai China Center eYale Law School, ukholelwa ukuthi ukuncintisana kwezobuchwepheshe kweShayina kusekelwe emandleni okukhiqiza. Ngezinye izikhathi isu leShayina lidlula elase-United States. Le mpi entsha yobuchwepheshe iyaphi? Amanye amazwe azothinteka kanjani? Babuchaza kanjani kabusha ubudlelwano babo nezwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni elinamandla kwezomnotho? Joyina uRavi Agrawal we-FP ekhuluma noWang ngokukhuphuka kobuchwepheshe kweShayina nokuthi isenzo sase-US singakuvimba ngempela yini.
Sekungamashumi eminyaka, inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US ibheka i-India njengomlingani ongaba khona emzabalazweni wamandla phakathi kwe-US ne-China esifundeni sase-Indo-Pacific. U-Ashley J. Tellis, osenesikhathi eside ebukele ubudlelwano be-US ne-India, uthi okulindelwe yiWashington ngeNew Delhi akulungile. Esihlokweni sezindaba zangaphandle esisakazwa kabanzi, i-Tellis yaphikisana ngokuthi i-White House kufanele icabange kabusha okulindelwe yi-India. Ingabe i-Tellis ilungile? Thumela imibuzo yakho ku-Tellis kanye nomsakazi we-FP Live uRavi Agrawal ukuze kuxoxwe ngokujulile ngaphambi kokuvakashela kukaNdunankulu waseNdiya uNarendra Modi e-White House ngoJuni 22.
Isekethe ehlanganisiwe. i-microchip. i-semiconductor. Noma, njengoba zaziwa kakhulu, ama-chip. Le ngcezu encane ye-silicon enika amandla futhi ichaze izimpilo zethu zanamuhla inamagama amaningi. F…bonisa okwengeziwe Kusukela kuma-smartphone kuya ezimotweni kuya emishinini yokuwasha, ama-chip asekela ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba njengoba siwazi. Abaluleke kakhulu endleleni umphakathi wanamuhla osebenza ngayo kangangokuthi wona kanye nawo wonke amaketanga awo okuhlinzeka abe umgogodla womncintiswano we-geopolitical. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nezinye ubuchwepheshe, ama-chip aphezulu kakhulu awakwazi ukukhiqizwa yinoma ubani. I-Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) ilawula cishe u-90% wemakethe yama-chip athuthukile, futhi ayikho enye inkampani noma izwe elibonakala lifinyelela. kodwa kungani? Iyini i-TSMC's Secret Sauce? Yini eyenza i-semiconductor yayo ibe ekhethekile kangaka? Kungani lokhu kubaluleke kangaka emnothweni womhlaba kanye ne-geopolitics? Ukuze athole, uRavi Agrawal we-FP uxoxe noChris Miller, umbhali we-Chip War: The Fight for the World's Most Critical Technology. UMiller uphinde abe nguSolwazi Ohlangene Womlando Wamazwe Ngamazwe eFletcher School of Tufts University.
Ukulwela isikhundla kuMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN sekuphenduke impi yommeli phakathi kweRussia nomhlaba.