Lesi sihloko siyingxenye yesihloko socwaningo esithi “Ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokulwa namagciwane, ukumelana namagciwane kanye ne-microbiome yezilwane zokudla”. Buka zonke izihloko ezingu-13
Ama-asidi e-organic ayaqhubeka nokudingeka kakhulu njengezithasiselo ekudleni kwezilwane. Kuze kube manje, kugxilwe ekuphepheni kokudla, ikakhulukazi ekunciphiseni ukwanda kwezifo ezibangelwa ukudla ezinkukhu nakwezinye izilwane. Ama-asidi amaningana e-organic okwamanje ayafundwa noma asevele esetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano. Phakathi kwama-asidi amaningi e-organic asefundwe kabanzi, i-formic acid ingenye yawo. I-formic acid ingezwa ekudleni kwezinkukhu ukuze kuncishiswe ukuba khona kwe-Salmonella nezinye izifo ezibangelwa ukudla ekudleni nasendleleni yokugaya ukudla ngemva kokuyidla. Njengoba ukuqonda ukusebenza kahle kanye nomthelela we-formic acid kumagciwane aphethwe ngumnikazi kanye nokudla kukhula, kuyacaca ukuthi ukuba khona kwe-formic acid kungabangela izindlela ezithile ku-Salmonella. Lokhu kusabela kungaba nzima kakhulu lapho i-formic acid ingena endaweni yokugaya ukudla futhi isebenzisana hhayi kuphela ne-Salmonella esivele iqoqa indawo yokugaya ukudla kodwa futhi nezitshalo ezincane zamathumbu. Ukubuyekezwa kuzohlola imiphumela yamanje kanye namathuba ocwaningo olwengeziwe nge-microbiome yenkukhu kanye nokudla okuphathwe nge-formic acid.
Kokubili ekukhiqizweni kwezilwane kanye nezinkukhu, inselele iwukuthuthukisa amasu okuphatha athuthukisa ukukhula kanye nokukhiqiza ngenkathi kunciphisa izingozi zokuphepha kokudla. Ngokomlando, ukuphathwa kwama-antibiotic ekugxilweni okungaphansi kokwelashwa kuthuthukise impilo yezilwane, inhlalakahle, kanye nokukhiqiza (1-3). Ngokombono wendlela yokusebenza, kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi ama-antibiotic anikezwa ekugxilweni okungaphansi kokuvimbela aqondisa izimpendulo zombungazi ngokuguqula izitshalo zesisu (GI) kanye, futhi, ukusebenzisana kwazo nombungazi (3). Kodwa-ke, ukukhathazeka okuqhubekayo mayelana nokusabalala okungenzeka kwezifo ezibangelwa ukudla ezimelana nama-antibiotic kanye nokuhlangana kwazo okungenzeka nokutheleleka okumelana nama-antibiotic kubantu kuholele ekuhoxisweni kancane kancane kokusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic ezilwaneni zokudla (4-8). Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezithasiselo zokudla kanye nezithuthukisi ezihlangabezana okungenani nezinye zalezi zidingo (impilo yezilwane ethuthukisiwe, inhlalakahle, kanye nokukhiqiza) kuyathakazelisa kakhulu kokubili ngokombono wocwaningo lwezemfundo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezentengiselwano (5, 9). Izinhlobonhlobo zezithasiselo zokudla zezentengiselwano zingene emakethe yokudla kwezilwane, kufaka phakathi ama-probiotic, ama-prebiotic, amafutha abalulekile kanye namakhemikhali ahlobene nawo avela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene yezitshalo, kanye namakhemikhali afana ne-aldehydes (10-14). Ezinye izithasiselo zokudla ezithengiswayo ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezinkukhu zifaka phakathi ama-bacteriophages, i-zinc oxide, ama-enzyme angaphandle, imikhiqizo yokuncintisana yokukhipha, kanye nama-acidic compounds (15, 16).
Phakathi kwezithasiselo zokudla zamakhemikhali ezikhona, ama-aldehydes nama-acid e-organic ngokomlando kube yizinto ezifundwa kakhulu futhi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu (12, 17–21). Ama-acid e-organic, ikakhulukazi ama-fatty acid ama-short-chain (ama-SCFA), aziwa kakhulu ngokuthinta amabhaktheriya abangela izifo. Lawa ma-acid e-organic asetshenziswa njengezithasiselo zokudla hhayi nje kuphela ukunciphisa ukuba khona kwamagciwane ku-feed matrix kodwa futhi nokufaka imiphumela esebenzayo emsebenzini wokugaya ukudla (17, 20–24). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-SCFA akhiqizwa ngokubiliswa yizitshalo zamathumbu endleleni yokugaya ukudla futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi adlala indima yokusebenza emandleni amanye ama-probiotic nama-prebiotic okulwa namagciwane angene endleleni yokugaya ukudla (21, 23, 25).
Eminyakeni edlule, ama-fatty acid ahlukahlukene anezinkinobho ezimfushane (ama-SCFA) adonsele ukunaka okukhulu njengezithasiselo zokudla. Ikakhulukazi, i-propionate, i-butyrate, kanye ne-formate kube yisihloko sezifundo eziningi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano (17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26). Ngenkathi izifundo zokuqala zigxile ekulawulweni kwezifo ezibangelwa ukudla ekudleni kwezilwane nezinkukhu, izifundo zakamuva zishintshe ukugxila kwazo ekuthuthukisweni kokusebenza kwezilwane kanye nempilo yesisu (20, 21, 24). I-Acetate, i-propionate, kanye ne-butyrate zidonsele ukunaka okukhulu njengezithasiselo zokudla ze-organic acid, phakathi kwazo i-formic acid nayo engaba yimpumelelo (21, 23). Ukunaka okukhulu kugxilwe ezicini zokuphepha kokudla kwe-formic acid, ikakhulukazi ukunciphisa ukwanda kwezifo ezibangelwa ukudla ekudleni kwezilwane. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izindlela ezingase zisetshenziswe nazo ziyacatshangelwa. Inhloso iyonke yalokhu kubuyekezwa ukuhlola umlando kanye nesimo samanje se-formic acid njengesithuthukisi sokudla kwezilwane (Isithombe 1). Kulesi sifundo, sizohlola indlela yokulwa namagciwane ye-formic acid. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizobheka kabanzi imiphumela yayo emfuyweni nasezinkukhu bese sixoxa ngezindlela ezingaba khona zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwayo.
Isithombe 1. Imephu yengqondo yezihloko ezihlanganiswe kulokhu kubuyekezwa. Ikakhulukazi, izinhloso ezilandelayo ezijwayelekile zigxile: ukuchaza umlando kanye nesimo samanje se-formic acid njengesithuthukisi sokudla kwezilwane, izindlela zokulwa namagciwane ze-formic acid kanye nomthelela wokusetshenziswa kwayo empilweni yezilwane nezinkukhu, kanye nezindlela ezingaba khona zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle.
Ukukhiqizwa kokudla kwezilwane nezinkukhu kuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi ohilela izinyathelo eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukucubungula okusanhlamvu ngokomzimba (isb., ukugaya ukuze kuncishiswe usayizi wezinhlayiya), ukucubungula ukushisa ukuze kufakwe ama-pellet, kanye nokwengezwa kwezakhamzimba eziningi ekudleni kuye ngezidingo ezithile zokudla kwesilwane (27). Njengoba kunikezwe lobu bunzima, akumangazi ukuthi ukucubungula ukudla kuveza okusanhlamvu ezicini ezahlukahlukene zemvelo ngaphambi kokuba kufinyelele emshinini wokudla, ngesikhathi sokugaya, futhi kamuva ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa nokondla ngezabelo zokudla ezihlanganisiwe (9, 21, 28). Ngakho-ke, eminyakeni edlule, iqembu elihlukahlukene kakhulu lamagciwane liye latholakala ekudleni, okuhlanganisa hhayi amagciwane kuphela kodwa nama-bacteriophages, isikhunta, kanye nemvubelo (9, 21, 28–31). Ezinye zalezi zinto ezingcolisayo, njengesikhunta esithile, zingakhiqiza ama-mycotoxins abeka izingozi empilweni yezilwane (32–35).
Izinhlobo zamagciwane zingahlukahluka kakhulu futhi zincike ngezinga elithile ezindleleni ezifanele ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa nokuhlonza ama-microorganism kanye nomthombo wesampula. Isibonelo, iphrofayili yokwakheka kwama-microbial ingahluka ngaphambi kokwelashwa kokushisa okuhlobene nokufakwa kwe-pellet (36). Nakuba izindlela zamasiko zakudala kanye nezindlela zokufaka amapuleti zinikeze ulwazi oluthile, ukusetshenziswa kwamuva kwendlela ye-16S rRNA gene-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) kunikeze ukuhlolwa okubanzi komphakathi we-forage microbiome (9). Lapho uSolanki et al. (37) ehlola i-bacterial microbiome yamabele kakolweni agcinwe isikhathi esithile lapho kukhona i-phosphine, i-fumigant yokulawula izinambuzane, bathole ukuthi i-microbiome yayihlukahlukene kakhulu ngemva kokuvuna nangemva kwezinyanga ezi-3 zokugcina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uSolanki et al. (37) (37) babonise ukuthi ama-Proteobacteria, ama-Firmicutes, ama-Actinobacteria, ama-Bacteroidetes, nama-Planctomyces kwakuyi-phyla evelele ezinhlamvini zikakolweni, i-Bacillus, i-Erwinia, nama-Pseudomonas kwakuyizinhlobo ezivelele, kanti i-Enterobacteriaceae yakha ingxenye encane. Ngokusekelwe ekuqhathanisweni kwe-taxonomic, baphetha ngokuthi i-phosphine fumigation ishintshe kakhulu inani lamagciwane kodwa ayizange ithinte ukuhlukahluka kwesikhunta.
USolanki nabanye (37) babonise ukuthi imithombo yokudla ingaqukatha nezifo ezitholakala ekudleni ezingabangela izinkinga zempilo yomphakathi ngokusekelwe ekutholakaleni kwe-Enterobacteriaceae ku-microbiome. Izifo ezitholakala ekudleni ezifana ne-Clostridium perfringens, i-Clostridium botulinum, i-Salmonella, i-Campylobacter, i-Escherichia coli O157:H7, kanye ne-Listeria monocytogenes ziye zahlotshaniswa nokudla kwezilwane kanye ne-silage (9, 31, 38). Ukuqhubeka kwezinye izifo ezitholakala ekudleni kwezilwane nezinkukhu okwamanje akwaziwa. UGe nabanye (39) bahlole izithako zokudla kwezilwane ezingaphezu kuka-200 kanye ne-Salmonella, i-E. coli, ne-Enterococci ehlukanisiwe, kodwa abazange bathole i-E. coli O157:H7 noma i-Campylobacter. Kodwa-ke, ama-matrices afana nokudla okomile angasebenza njengomthombo we-E. coli ebangela izifo. Ekulandeleni umthombo wokuqubuka kuka-2016 kwe-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups O121 kanye ne-O26 ehlotshaniswa nesifo sabantu, uCrowe et al. (40) basebenzise ukulandelana kwe-whole-genome ukuqhathanisa ama-isolates emitholampilo nama-isolates atholakala emikhiqizweni yokudla. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu kuqhathanisa, baphetha ngokuthi umthombo okungenzeka ukuthi wawungufulawa kakolweni oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka onomswakamo ophansi ovela emishinini yokugaya ufulawa. Umswakama ophansi wofulawa kakolweni usikisela ukuthi i-STEC ingasinda futhi ekudleni kwezilwane okunomswakamo ophansi. Kodwa-ke, njengoba uCrowe et al. (40) ephawula, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-STEC kumasampula kafulawa kunzima futhi kudinga izindlela zokuhlukanisa i-immunomagnetic ukuze kutholakale inani elanele lamaseli ebhaktheriya. Izinqubo ezifanayo zokuxilonga zingase zenze kube nzima ukuthola nokuhlukanisa ama-pathogens angavamile atholakala ekudleni kwezilwane. Ubunzima bokuthola bungase bubangelwe ukuqhubeka isikhathi eside kwala ma-pathogens kuma-matrices anomswakama ophansi. Forghani et al. (41) babonise ukuthi ufulawa kakolweni ogcinwe ekamelweni lokushisa futhi ofakwe umjovo ngengxube ye-enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serogroups O45, O121, kanye ne-O145 kanye ne-Salmonella (S. Typhimurium, S. Agona, S. Enteritidis, kanye ne-S. Anatum) wawulinganiswa ezinsukwini ezingu-84 kanye nezingu-112 futhi usabonakala emavikini angu-24 kanye nangu-52.
Ngokomlando, i-Campylobacter ayikaze ihlukaniswe ekudleni kwezilwane nezinkukhu ngezindlela zendabuko zokulima (38, 39), yize i-Campylobacter ingahlukaniswa kalula ekudleni kwenkukhu nemikhiqizo yezinkukhu (42, 43). Kodwa-ke, ukudla kusenezinzuzo zako njengomthombo ongaba khona. Isibonelo, u-Alves et al. (44) babonise ukuthi ukugonywa kokudla kwezinkukhu okukhuluphalisiwe nge-C. jejuni kanye nokugcinwa kokudla okulandelayo emazingeni okushisa amabili ahlukene izinsuku ezi-3 noma ezi-5 kwaholela ekubuyiselweni kwe-C. jejuni esebenzayo, futhi kwezinye izimo, ngisho nokwanda kwayo. Baphetha ngokuthi i-C. jejuni ingasinda ngokuqinisekile ekudleni kwezinkukhu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ingaba umthombo ongaba khona wokutheleleka kwezinkukhu.
Ukungcola kwe-Salmonella kokudla kwezilwane nezinkukhu kuye kwathola ukunakwa okukhulu esikhathini esidlule futhi kusalokhu kugxilwe emizamweni eqhubekayo yokuthuthukisa izindlela zokuthola ezisebenza ngqo ekudleni nasekutholeni izindlela zokulawula ezisebenza kahle kakhulu (12, 26, 30, 45–53). Eminyakeni edlule, izifundo eziningi zihlole ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-Salmonella ezindaweni ezahlukene zokudla kanye nezindawo zokugaya ukudla (38, 39, 54–61). Sekukonke, lezi zifundo zibonisa ukuthi i-Salmonella ingahlukaniswa nezithako ezahlukahlukene zokudla, imithombo yokudla, izinhlobo zokudla, kanye nemisebenzi yokukhiqiza ukudla. Amazinga okusabalala kanye nama-serotype e-Salmonella ahlukanisiwe nawo ahluka. Isibonelo, uLi et al. (57) baqinisekisile ukuba khona kwe-Salmonella spp. Kutholakale ku-12.5% ​​​​kwamasampula angu-2058 aqoqwe ekudleni okuphelele kwezilwane, izithako zokudla, ukudla kwezilwane ezifuywayo, ukudla kwezilwane ezifuywayo, kanye nezithako zezilwane ezifuywayo ngesikhathi sokuqoqwa kwedatha kuka-2002 kuya ku-2009. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-serotype avame kakhulu atholakale kumasampula angu-12.5% ​​e-Salmonella ahlolwe ukuthi anayo kwakungu-S. Senftenberg no-S. Montevideo (57). Ocwaningweni lokudla okulungele ukudliwa kanye nemikhiqizo yokudla kwezilwane eTexas, uHsieh nabanye (58) babike ukuthi ukwanda okuphezulu kwe-Salmonella kwakusekudleni kwezinhlanzi, kulandelwe amaprotheni ezilwane, kanti uS. Mbanka no-S. Montevideo bangama-serotype avame kakhulu. Ama-feed mill nawo aveza amaphuzu amaningana angaba khona okungcoliswa kokudla ngesikhathi sokuxuba nokufaka izithako (9, 56, 61). UMagossi nabanye (61) bakwazile ukukhombisa ukuthi amaphuzu amaningi okungcoliswa angenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kokudla e-United States. Eqinisweni, uMagossi nabanye (61) bathole okungenani isiko elilodwa elihle le-Salmonella kuma-feed mill angu-11 (izindawo eziyi-12 zokuthatha isampula sezizonke) ezifundazweni eziyisishiyagalombili e-United States. Njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi i-Salmonella ingcoliswe ngesikhathi sokuphathwa kokudla, ukuthuthwa, kanye nokondliwa nsuku zonke, akumangazi ukuthi kwenziwa imizamo emikhulu yokuthuthukisa izithasiselo zokudla ezinganciphisa futhi zigcine amazinga aphansi okungcoliswa kwamagciwane kuwo wonke umjikelezo wokukhiqizwa kwezilwane.
Kuncane okwaziwayo mayelana nendlela yokusabela kwe-Salmonella ku-formic acid. Kodwa-ke, uHuang nabanye (62) babonise ukuthi i-formic acid ikhona emathunjini amancane ezilwane ezincelisayo nokuthi i-Salmonella spp. iyakwazi ukukhiqiza i-formic acid. UHuang nabanye (62) basebenzise uchungechunge lwezindlela zokususa ezishintshayo zezindlela ezibalulekile ukuthola ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ze-Salmonella virulence futhi bathola ukuthi i-formate ingasebenza njengesignali esakazekayo yokukhuthaza i-Salmonella ukuba ihlasele amaseli e-epithelial e-Hep-2. Muva nje, uLiu nabanye (63) bahlukanise i-formate transporter, i-FocA, evela ku-Salmonella typhimurium esebenza njengesiteshi esithile se-formate ku-pH 7.0 kodwa futhi ingasebenza njengesiteshi sokuthumela ngaphandle esingasebenzi ku-pH ephezulu yangaphandle noma njengesiteshi sesibili esisebenzayo se-formate/hydrogen ion ku-pH ephansi. Kodwa-ke, lolu cwaningo lwenziwe ku-serotype eyodwa kuphela ye-S. Typhimurium. Umbuzo usalokhu ukuthi wonke ama-serotype aphendula ku-formic acid ngezindlela ezifanayo. Lona umbuzo obalulekile wocwaningo okufanele uxazululwe ezifundweni ezizayo. Kungakhathaliseki imiphumela, kusalokhu kuwukuhlakanipha ukusebenzisa ama-serotype amaningi e-Salmonella noma izinhlobo eziningi ze-serotype ngayinye ekuhlolweni kokuhlola lapho kuthuthukiswa izincomo ezijwayelekile zokusetshenziswa kwezithako ze-asidi ukunciphisa amazinga e-Salmonella ekudleni. Izindlela ezintsha, njengokusebenzisa i-genetic barcode ukufaka ikhodi yezinhlobo ukuze kuhlukaniswe amaqembu amancane ahlukene e-serotype efanayo (9, 64), zinikeza ithuba lokuthola umehluko omncane ongathinta iziphetho kanye nokuchazwa komehluko.
Uhlobo lwamakhemikhali kanye nohlobo lokuhlukaniswa kwe-formate nakho kungabaluleka. Ochungechungeni lwezifundo, uBeyer et al. (65–67) babonise ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kwe-Enterococcus faecium, i-Campylobacter jejuni, kanye ne-Campylobacter coli kwakuhlobene nenani le-dissociated formic acid futhi kwakungaxhomekile ku-pH noma i-unidissociated formic acid. Uhlobo lwamakhemikhali lwe-formate lapho amabhaktheriya evezwa khona nalo lubonakala lubalulekile. UKovanda et al. (68) bahlole izinto eziphilayo eziningana ze-Gram-negative kanye ne-Gram-positive futhi baqhathanisa amazinga amancane okuvimbela (ama-MIC) e-sodium formate (500–25,000 mg/L) kanye nengxube ye-sodium formate kanye ne-free formate (40/60 m/v; 10–10,000 mg/L). Ngokusekelwe kumanani e-MIC, bathole ukuthi i-sodium formate yayivimbela kuphela i-Campylobacter jejuni, i-Clostridium perfringens, i-Streptococcus suis, ne-Streptococcus pneumoniae, kodwa hhayi i-Escherichia coli, i-Salmonella typhimurium, noma i-Enterococcus faecalis. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ingxube ye-sodium formate ne-sodium formate yamahhala yayivimbela zonke izinto eziphilayo, okwenza abalobi baphethe ngokuthi i-free formic acid inezakhiwo eziningi zokulwa namagciwane. Kungaba mnandi ukuhlola izilinganiso ezahlukene zalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zamakhemikhali ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ububanzi bamanani e-MIC buhambisana yini nezinga le-formic acid elikhona kufomula exubile kanye nempendulo ku-100% formic acid.
UGomez-Garcia nabanye (69) bahlole inhlanganisela yamafutha abalulekile nama-organic acid (njenge-formic acid) ngokumelene nama-isolates amaningi e-Escherichia coli, i-Salmonella, ne-Clostridium perfringens atholwe ezingulubeni. Bahlole ukusebenza kahle kwama-organic acid ayisithupha, okuhlanganisa i-formic acid, kanye namafutha ayisithupha abalulekile ngokumelene nama-isolates ezingulubeni, besebenzisa i-formaldehyde njengendlela yokulawula enhle. UGomez-García nabanye (69) bathole i-MIC50, i-MBC50, kanye ne-MIC50/MBC50 ye-formic acid ngokumelene ne-Escherichia coli (600 kanye ne-2400 ppm, 4), i-Salmonella (600 kanye ne-2400 ppm, 4), kanye ne-Clostridium perfringens (1200 kanye ne-2400 ppm, 2), phakathi kwawo i-formic acid yatholakala isebenza kangcono kunawo wonke ama-organic acid ngokumelene ne-E. coli kanye ne-Salmonella. (69) I-Formic acid iyasebenza ngokumelene ne-Escherichia coli kanye ne-Salmonella ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncane bama-molecule kanye nochungechunge olude (70).
UBeyer nabanye bahlole izinhlobo zeCampylobacter ezihlukaniswe ezingulubeni (66) kanye nezinhlobo zeCampylobacter jejuni ezihlukaniswe ezinkukhu (67) futhi babonise ukuthi i-formic acid iyahlukana ekugxilweni okuhambisana nezimpendulo ze-MIC ezilinganiswe kwamanye ama-organic acid. Kodwa-ke, amandla ahlobene ala ma-acid, kufaka phakathi i-formic acid, aphikisiwe ngoba iCampylobacter ingasebenzisa la ma-acid njengezinto ezisetshenziswayo (66, 67). Ukusetshenziswa kwe-acid kwe-C. jejuni akumangazi ngoba kuboniswe ukuthi ine-metabolism engeyona i-glycolytic. Ngakho-ke, i-C. jejuni inamandla alinganiselwe e-carbohydrate catabolism futhi ithembele ku-gluconeogenesis evela kuma-amino acid kanye nama-organic acids amaningi kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwayo kwamandla kanye nomsebenzi we-biosynthetic (71, 72). Ucwaningo lwakuqala lukaLine et al. (73) lusebenzise i-phenotypic array equkethe imithombo ye-carbon engu-190 futhi lwabonisa ukuthi i-C. jejuni 11168(GS) ingasebenzisa ama-organic acid njengemithombo ye-carbon, iningi lawo eliphakathi komjikelezo we-triccarboxylic acid. Izifundo ezengeziwe zikaWagli et al. (74) kusetshenziswa uhla lwe-phenotypic carbon useation array kubonise ukuthi izinhlobo ze-C. jejuni kanye ne-E. coli ezihlolwe ocwaningweni lwazo ziyakwazi ukukhula kuma-organic acid njengomthombo wekhabhoni. I-Formate ingumhlinzeki omkhulu wama-electron we-metabolism yamandla okuphefumula e-C. jejuni, ngakho-ke, ingumthombo omkhulu wamandla e-C. jejuni (71, 75). I-C. jejuni iyakwazi ukusebenzisa i-formate njengomnikeli we-hydrogen nge-membrane-bound formate dehydrogenase complex ehlanganisa i-formate ibe yi-carbon dioxide, ama-proton, nama-electron futhi isebenza njengomnikeli wama-electron wokuphefumula (72).
I-formic acid inomlando omude wokusetshenziswa njengesithuthukisi sokudla okulwa namagciwane, kodwa ezinye izinambuzane zingakhiqiza i-formic acid ukuze isetshenziswe njengekhemikhali yokuvikela elwa namagciwane. URossini nabanye (76) basikisele ukuthi i-formic acid ingaba yingxenye yejusi le-acidic lezintuthwane elichazwe nguRay (77) cishe eminyakeni engama-350 eyedlule. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukuqonda kwethu ukukhiqizwa kwe-formic acid ezintuthwaneni nakwezinye izinambuzane kuye kwanda kakhulu, futhi manje sekuyaziwa ukuthi le nqubo iyingxenye yesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuvikela ubuthi ezinambuzaneni (78). Amaqembu ahlukahlukene ezinambuzane, kufaka phakathi izinyosi ezingenazinti, izintuthwane ezicijile (Hymenoptera: Apidae), izintuthwane zomhlabathi (Galerita lecontei kanye no-G. janus), izintuthwane ezingenazinti (Formicinae), kanye nezinye izibungu zama-moth (Lepidoptera: Myrmecophaga), zaziwa ngokukhiqiza i-formic acid njengekhemikhali yokuzivikela (76, 78–82).
Izintuthwane mhlawumbe zibonakala kahle kakhulu ngoba zinama-acidocyte, izimbobo ezikhethekile ezizivumela ukuthi zifuthe ubuthi obuhlanganiswe ngokuyinhloko ne-formic acid (82). Izintuthwane zisebenzisa i-serine njengesandulela futhi zigcina inani elikhulu le-formate ezinhlayiyeni zazo ze-poison, ezivikelwe ngokwanele ukuvikela izintuthwane ezisingatha ubuthi be-formate kuze kube yilapho zifuthwa (78, 83). I-formic acid eziyikhiphayo ingase (1) isebenze njenge-alamu ye-pheromone ukuheha ezinye izintuthwane; (2) ibe yikhemikhali yokuzivikela ezincintiswaneni nasezilwanyaneni; kanye (3) isebenze njenge-antifungal kanye ne-antibacterial agent uma ihlanganiswa ne-resin njengengxenye yezinto ezihlala esidlekeni (78, 82, 84–88). I-formic acid ekhiqizwa yizintuthwane inezakhiwo zokulwa namagciwane, okuphakamisa ukuthi ingasetshenziswa njengesithako sendawo. Lokhu kwaboniswa nguBruch et al. (88), abangeze i-formic acid yokwenziwa ku-resin futhi bathuthukisa kakhulu umsebenzi we-antifungal. Ubufakazi obengeziwe bokusebenza kahle kwe-formic acid kanye nomsebenzi wayo webhayoloji ukuthi izilwane ezinkulu ezidla izintuthwane, ezingakwazi ukukhiqiza i-acid esiswini, zidla izintuthwane eziqukethe i-formic acid ukuze zizinikeze i-formic acid ehlanganisiwe njenge-asidi yokugaya ukudla ehlukile (89).
Ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwe-formic acid kwezolimo kuye kwacatshangelwa futhi kwafundwa iminyaka eminingi. Ikakhulukazi, i-formic acid ingasetshenziswa njengesithasiselo sokudla kwezilwane kanye ne-silage. I-sodium formate kokubili ngesimo esiqinile nesiwuketshezi ibhekwa njengephephile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane, abathengi kanye nendawo ezungezile (90). Ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwabo (90), ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-10,000 mg ye-formic acid equivalents/kg feed kwabhekwa njengokuphephile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane, kanti ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-12,000 mg ye-formic acid equivalents/kg feed kwakubhekwa njengokuphephile ezingulubeni. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-formic acid njengesithuthukisi sokudla kwezilwane kuye kwafundwa iminyaka eminingi. Kubhekwa njengokunenzuzo yokuhweba njengesivikelo se-silage kanye ne-antimicrobial agent ekudleni kwezilwane kanye nezinkukhu.
Izithasiselo zamakhemikhali ezifana nama-asidi bezilokhu ziyisici esibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-silage kanye nokuphathwa kokudla (91, 92). UBorreani et al. (91) baphawule ukuthi ukuze kufezwe ukukhiqizwa okuhle kwe-silage esezingeni eliphezulu kuyadingeka ukugcina ikhwalithi yokudla ngenkathi kugcinwa izinto ezomile eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Umphumela walokhu kulungiswa ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kuzo zonke izigaba zenqubo yokufakwa kwe-ensiling: kusukela ezimweni zokuqala ze-aerobic esililweni kuya ekuvuthweni okulandelayo, ukugcinwa kanye nokuvulwa kabusha kwesililo ukuze kondliwe. Izindlela ezithile zokuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-silage yasensimini kanye nokuvutshelwa kwe-silage okulandelayo kuxoxwe ngakho ngokuningiliziwe kwenye indawo (91, 93-95) futhi ngeke kuxoxwe ngakho ngokuningiliziwe lapha. Inkinga enkulu ukonakala kwe-oxidative okubangelwa yimvubelo kanye nezikhunta lapho kukhona i-oxygen esilingweni (91, 92). Ngakho-ke, izitofu zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezithasiselo zamakhemikhali zethulwe ukulwa nemiphumela emibi yokonakala (91, 92). Ezinye izinto okufanele zicatshangelwe ngezithasiselo ze-silage zifaka phakathi ukunciphisa ukusabalala kwamagciwane angase abe khona ku-silage (isb., i-E. coli ebangela izifo, i-Listeria, ne-Salmonella) kanye nesikhunta esikhiqiza i-mycotoxin (96–98).
UMack et al. (92) bahlukanise izithasiselo ze-acid zibe yizigaba ezimbili. Ama-acid afana ne-propionic, i-acetic, i-sorbic, kanye ne-benzoic acid agcina ukuzinza kwe-silage lapho ephakelwa izilwane ezidla inyama ngokunciphisa ukukhula kwemvubelo kanye nezikhunta (92). UMack et al. (92) bahlukanise i-formic acid kwamanye ama-acid futhi bayibheka njenge-acidifier eqondile evimbela ama-microorganism e-clostridia kanye nokubola ngenkathi igcina ubuqotho beprotheyini ye-silage. Empeleni, izinhlobo zabo zikasawoti ziyizinhlobo zamakhemikhali ezivame kakhulu ukugwema izakhiwo ezibhubhisayo zama-acids ngendlela engeyona usawoti (91). Amaqembu amaningi ocwaningo nawo afunde i-formic acid njengesithasiselo se-acid se-silage. I-Formic acid yaziwa ngamandla ayo okukhulisa i-acid kanye nomphumela wayo wokuvimbela ekukhuleni kwama-microorganisms e-silage alimazayo anciphisa okuqukethwe kweprotheyini kanye nama-carbohydrate ancibilikayo emanzini e-silage (99). Ngakho-ke, uHe et al. (92) waqhathanisa i-formic acid nezithasiselo ze-acid ku-silage. (100) babonise ukuthi i-formic acid ingavimbela i-Escherichia coli futhi yehlise i-pH ye-silage. Ama-bacterial cultures akhiqiza i-formic kanye ne-lactic acid nawo afakwe ku-silage ukuze kukhuthazwe i-acidification kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-organic acid (101). Eqinisweni, uCooley et al. (101) bathole ukuthi lapho i-silage ifakwa i-acid nge-formic acid engu-3% (w/v), ukukhiqizwa kwe-lactic kanye ne-formic acid kwadlula isampula engu-800 kanye ne-1000 mg ye-organic acid/100 g, ngokulandelana. UMack et al. (92) babuyekeze izincwadi zocwaningo lwe-silage additive ngokuningiliziwe, okuhlanganisa nezifundo ezanyatheliswa kusukela ngo-2000 ezazigxile ku-formic acid kanye/noma ezazifaka i-formic acid kanye namanye ama-acid. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kubuyekezwa ngeke kuxoxe ngezifundo ngazinye ngokuningiliziwe kodwa kuzomane kufingqe amaphuzu athile abalulekile mayelana nokusebenza kahle kwe-formic acid njengesithasiselo se-silage samakhemikhali. Kokubili i-formic acid engaxutshwe ne-buffered iye yafundwa futhi ezimweni eziningi i-Clostridium spp. Imisebenzi yayo ehlobene (ama-carbohydrate, amaprotheni, kanye nokumuncwa kwe-lactate kanye nokuphuma kwe-butyrate) kuvame ukwehla, kuyilapho ukukhiqizwa kwe-ammonia kanye ne-butyrate kuncipha kanye nokugcinwa kwezinto ezomile kuyanda (92). Kunemikhawulo ekusebenzeni kwe-formic acid, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo njengesithako se-silage kuhlanganiswe namanye ama-acid kubonakala kunqoba ezinye zalezi zinkinga (92).
I-formic acid ingavimbela amabhaktheriya abangela izifo abeka impilo yabantu engcupheni. Isibonelo, uPauly noTam (102) bafaka ama-silo amancane elabhorethri ane-L. monocytogenes aqukethe amazinga amathathu ahlukene e-dry matter (200, 430, kanye no-540 g/kg) we-ryegrass base befaka i-formic acid (3 ml/kg) noma amabhaktheriya e-lactic acid (8 × 105/g) kanye nama-enzyme e-cellulolytic. Babike ukuthi zombili lezi zindlela zokwelapha zehlise ama-L. monocytogenes abe amazinga angatholakali ku-low dry matter silage (200 g/kg). Kodwa-ke, ku-medium dry matter silage (430 g/kg), ama-L. monocytogenes ayesatholakala ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-30 ku-formic acid-treated silage. Ukwehla kwama-L. monocytogenes kubonakala sengathi kuhlotshaniswa ne-pH ephansi, i-lactic acid, kanye nama-acid angahlukaniswanga ahlanganisiwe. Isibonelo, uPauly noTam (102) baphawule ukuthi i-lactic acid kanye namazinga e-acid angahlukaniswanga ahlanganisiwe abaluleke kakhulu, okungaba yisizathu sokuthi kungani kungabonwanga ukwehla kwe-L. monocytogenes emithonjeni ephathwe nge-formic acid evela kuma-silages anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-dry matter. Izifundo ezifanayo kufanele zenziwe esikhathini esizayo kwamanye amagciwane avamile e-silage njenge-Salmonella kanye ne-pathogenic E. coli. Ukuhlaziywa kokulandelana kwe-16S rDNA okuphelele komphakathi wonke we-silage microbial kungasiza futhi ekuboneni izinguquko emphakathini wonke we-silage microbial ezenzeka ezigabeni ezahlukene zokuvutshelwa kwe-silage lapho kukhona i-formic acid (103). Ukuthola idatha ye-microbiome kunganikeza ukwesekwa kokuhlaziya ukuze kubikezelwe kangcono inqubekela phambili yokuvutshelwa kwe-silage kanye nokuthuthukisa izinhlanganisela ezingeziwe ezifanele ukuze kugcinwe ikhwalithi ephezulu ye-silage.
Ekudleni kwezilwane okusekelwe kokusanhlamvu, i-formic acid isetshenziswa njenge-antimicrobial agent ukunciphisa amazinga e-pathogen kuma-matrix ahlukahlukene okuphakelwa okusanhlamvu kanye nezithako ezithile zokudla njengemikhiqizo yezilwane. Imiphumela ekwandeni kwe-pathogen enkukhu nakwezinye izilwane ingahlukaniswa kabanzi ngezigaba ezimbili: imiphumela eqondile ekwandeni kwe-pathogen kokudla ngokwako kanye nemiphumela engaqondile ekwandeni kwe-pathogens ehlala endaweni yokugaya yezilwane ngemva kokudla ukudla okuphathwe (20, 21, 104). Ngokusobala, lezi zigaba ezimbili zihlobene, njengoba ukwehla kwe-pathogens ekudleni kufanele kuholele ekunciphiseni ukwakheka kwezilwane lapho isilwane sidla ukudla. Kodwa-ke, izakhiwo zokulwa namagciwane ze-asidi ethile engezwe ku-matrix yokudla zingathonywa yizici eziningana, njengokwakheka kokudla kanye nesimo lapho i-asidi ifakwa khona (21, 105).
Ngokomlando, ukusetshenziswa kwe-formic acid kanye namanye ama-acid ahlobene kugxile kakhulu ekulawulweni okuqondile kwe-Salmonella ekudleni kwezilwane nezinkukhu (21). Imiphumela yalezi zifundo ifingqiwe ngokuningiliziwe kuzibuyekezo eziningana ezishicilelwe ngezikhathi ezahlukene (18, 21, 26, 47, 104–106), ngakho-ke okunye kuphela okutholakele okubalulekile okuvela kulezi zifundo okuxoxwa ngakho kulokhu kubuyekezwa. Izifundo eziningana zikhombisile ukuthi umsebenzi we-formic acid wokulwa namagciwane kuma-matrices okuphakelayo uncike kumthamo nesikhathi sokuchayeka ku-formic acid, okuqukethwe komswakama kwe-feed matrix, kanye nokuhlushwa kwamagciwane ekudleni kanye nomgudu wokugaya wesilwane (19, 21, 107–109). Uhlobo lwe-feed matrix kanye nomthombo wezithako zokudla kwezilwane nakho kuyizinto ezithonyayo. Ngakho-ke, izifundo eziningana zikhombisile ukuthi amazinga e-Salmonella Ubuthi bamagciwane obuhlukaniswe emikhiqizweni yezilwane bungase buhluke kulokho okuhlukaniswe emikhiqizweni yezitshalo (39, 45, 58, 59, 110–112). Kodwa-ke, umehluko ekuphenduleni kuma-asidi njenge-formic acid ungahlobene nomehluko ekusindeni kwe-serovar ekudleni kanye nokushisa lapho ukudla kucutshungulwa khona (19, 113, 114). Umehluko ekuphenduleni kwe-serovar ekwelashweni kwe-asidi ungase ube yimbangela yokungcoliswa kwezinkukhu ngokudla okungcolile (113, 115), kanye nomehluko ekubonakalisweni kwezakhi zofuzo eziyingozi (116) nawo ungadlala indima. Umehluko ekubekezeleleni i-asidi ungase uthinte ukutholakala kwe-Salmonella kumidiya wokulima uma ama-asidi athwalwa ukudla engavinjelwanga ngokwanele (21, 105, 117–122). Uhlobo lokudla olungokoqobo (ngokuphathelene nosayizi wezinhlayiya) lungathinta nokutholakala kwe-formic acid endleleni yokugaya ukudla (123).
Amasu okwenza ngcono umsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane we-formic acid engezwe ekudleni nawo abalulekile. Kuye kwaphakanyiswa amazinga aphezulu e-asidi ezithakweni zokudla ezingcolisa kakhulu ngaphambi kokuxuba ukudla ukuze kuncishiswe umonakalo ongaba khona emishinini yokugaya ukudla kanye nezinkinga zokuthi ukudla kwezilwane kungamukeleki kahle (105). UJones (51) uphethe ngokuthi i-Salmonella ekhona ekudleni ngaphambi kokuhlanza ngamakhemikhali kunzima ukuyilawula kune-Salmonella ethinta ukudla ngemva kokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali. Ukwelashwa ngokushisa kokudla ngesikhathi sokucubungula emshinini wokugaya ukudla kuye kwaphakanyiswa njengendlela yokungenelela yokunciphisa ukungcoliswa kokudla kwe-Salmonella, kodwa lokhu kuncike ekwakhekeni kokudla, usayizi wezinhlayiya, nezinye izici ezihambisana nenqubo yokugaya (51). Umsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane wama-asidi nawo uncike ekushiseni, futhi amazinga okushisa aphezulu lapho kukhona ama-organic acid angase abe nomphumela wokuvimbela i-Salmonella, njengoba kubonwe emasikweni e-Salmonella aketshezi (124, 125). Izifundo eziningana zokudla okungcoliswe yi-Salmonella zisekela umbono wokuthi amazinga okushisa aphezulu andisa ukusebenza kahle kwama-asidi ku-matrix yokudla (106, 113, 126). U-Amado et al. (127) basebenzise umklamo ohlanganisiwe ophakathi ukuze bafunde ukusebenzisana kwezinga lokushisa kanye ne-asidi (i-formic noma i-lactic acid) ezinhlotsheni eziyi-10 ze-Salmonella enterica kanye ne-Escherichia coli ezihlukaniswe ekudleni kwezinkomo okuhlukahlukene futhi zafakwa ezinhlayiyeni zezinkomo ezine-asidi. Baphetha ngokuthi ukushisa kwakuyisici esiyinhloko esithonya ukwehla kwamagciwane, kanye ne-asidi kanye nohlobo lwe-bacterial isolate. Umphumela wokubambisana ne-asidi usabusa, ngakho-ke amazinga okushisa aphansi kanye nokugcwala kwe-asidi kungasetshenziswa. Kodwa-ke, baphinde baphawula ukuthi imiphumela yokubambisana ayizange ibonwe njalo lapho kusetshenziswa i-formic acid, okwabenza basola ukuthi ukuguquguquka kwe-formic acid emazingeni okushisa aphezulu noma imiphumela yokunciphisa izingxenye ze-feed matrix kwakuyisici.
Ukunciphisa isikhathi sokudla ngaphambi kokuphakela izilwane kuyindlela eyodwa yokulawula ukungena kwamagciwane atholakala ekudleni emzimbeni wesilwane ngesikhathi sokudla. Kodwa-ke, uma i-asidi ekudlayo isingene emgodini wokugaya ukudla, ingaqhubeka nokusebenzisa umsebenzi wayo wokulwa namagciwane. Umsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane wezinto ezi-acid ezilawulwa ngaphandle emgodini wokugaya ukudla ungancika ezintweni ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukugcwala kwe-asidi yesisu, indawo esebenzayo yomgudu wokugaya ukudla, i-pH kanye nokuqukethwe komoya-mpilo womgudu wokugaya ukudla, ubudala besilwane, kanye nokwakheka okuhlobene kwenani lamagciwane atholakala esiswini (okuncike endaweni yomgudu wokugaya ukudla kanye nokuvuthwa kwesilwane) (21, 24, 128–132). Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lamagciwane ahlala khona angena ku-anaerobic emgwaqweni wokugaya ukudla (oba namandla kakhulu emgodini wokugaya ukudla ophansi wezilwane ezithola ukudla okukodwa njengoba zikhula) likhiqiza ama-acid aphilayo ngokuvutshelwa, okungaba nomthelela ophikisayo ezifweni ezithola ukudla ezifika ngokushesha emgwaqweni wokugaya ukudla (17, 19–21).
Ucwaningo oluningi lokuqala lugxile ekusetshenzisweni kwama-organic acid, okuhlanganisa ne-formate, ukunciphisa i-Salmonella endleleni yokugaya ukudla kwenkukhu, okuxoxwe ngayo ngokuningiliziwe ezibuyekezweni eziningana (12, 20, 21). Uma lezi zifundo zicatshangelwa ndawonye, ​​​​kungenziwa ukuqaphela okuningana okubalulekile. UMcHan noShotts (133) babike ukuthi ukondla i-formic kanye ne-propionic acid kunciphisa amazinga e-Salmonella Typhimurium ku-cecum yezinkukhu ezifakwe igciwane futhi kwalinganiswa ezinsukwini ezingu-7, 14, kanye nezingu-21 ubudala. Kodwa-ke, lapho uHume et al. (128) ehlola i-propionate ene-C-14, baphetha ngokuthi i-propionate encane kakhulu ekudleni ingafinyelela ku-cecum. Kusazonqunywa ukuthi lokhu kuyiqiniso yini nange-formic acid. Kodwa-ke, muva nje uBourassa et al. (134) babike ukuthi ukondla i-formic kanye ne-propionic acid kunciphisa amazinga e-Salmonella Typhimurium ku-cecum yezinkukhu ezigonywe ngamagciwane, okwalinganiswa ezinsukwini ezingu-7, 14, kanye nezingu-21 ubudala. (132) baphawula ukuthi ukondla i-formic acid ku-4 g/t ezinkukhu ze-broiler phakathi nesikhathi sokukhula samaviki ayisithupha kunciphisa ukugcwala kwe-S. Typhimurium ku-cecum kwaba ngaphansi kwezinga lokutholwa.
Ukuba khona kwe-formic acid ekudleni kungaba nemiphumela kwezinye izingxenye zendlela yokugaya ukudla kwenkukhu. U-Al-Tarazi no-Alshavabkeh (134) babonise ukuthi ingxube ye-formic acid kanye ne-propionic acid inganciphisa ukungcola kwe-Salmonella pullorum (S. PRlorum) esivunweni kanye ne-cecum. UThompson noHinton (129) baqaphele ukuthi ingxube ye-formic acid kanye ne-propionic acid etholakala kwezentengiselwano yandisa ukugcwala kwama-acids esivunweni kanye ne-gizzard futhi yayibulala amagciwane ngokumelene ne-Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 kumodeli ye-in vitro ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhuliswa ezimele. Lo mbono usekelwa idatha ye-in vivo evela ku-Bird et al. (135) engeze i-formic acid emanzini okuphuza ezinkukhu ze-broiler ngesikhathi sokuzila ukudla okulingisiwe ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa, okufana nezinkukhu ze-broiler ezizila ukudla ezidlula kuzo ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa esitshalweni sokucubungula izinkukhu. Ukwengezwa kwe-formic acid emanzini okuphuza kuholele ekunciphiseni inani le-S. Typhimurium esivunweni kanye ne-epididymis, kanye nokwehla kokuvama kwezitshalo ezine-S. Typhimurium, kodwa hhayi enanini le-epididymis enhle (135). Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokulethwa ezingavikela ama-organic acid ngenkathi esebenza endaweni engezansi yesisu kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle. Isibonelo, ukufakwa kwe-formic acid encane kanye nokufakwa kwayo ekudleni kuye kwabonakala kunciphisa inani le-Salmonella Enteritidis kokuqukethwe kwe-cecal (136). Kodwa-ke, lokhu kungahluka kuye ngohlobo lwesilwane. Isibonelo, uWalia et al. (137) abazange babone ukwehla kwe-Salmonella kuma-cecum noma ama-lymph node ezingulube ezinezinsuku ezingu-28 eziphakelwa ingxube ye-formic acid, i-citric acid, nama-capsules kawoyela abalulekile, futhi yize ukuphuma kwe-Salmonella endle kuncishisiwe ngosuku lwe-14, akuncishiswanga ngosuku lwama-28. Babonise ukuthi ukudluliselwa okuvundlile kwe-Salmonella phakathi kwezingulube kuvinjelwe.
Nakuba izifundo ze-formic acid njenge-ejenti yokulwa namagciwane ekukhuliseni izilwane zigxile kakhulu kwi-Salmonella etholakala ekudleni, kukhona nezinye izifundo eziqondiswe kwezinye izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane esiswini. Izifundo ze-in vitro ezenziwe nguKovanda et al. (68) ziphakamisa ukuthi i-formic acid ingase isebenze ngokumelene nezinye izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ezitholakala ekudleni esiswini, okuhlanganisa i-Escherichia coli kanye ne-Campylobacter jejuni. Izifundo zangaphambilini zibonise ukuthi ama-organic acid (isb., i-lactic acid) kanye nezingxube zezentengiselwano eziqukethe i-formic acid njengesithako zinganciphisa amazinga e-Campylobacter ezinkukhu (135, 138). Kodwa-ke, njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambilini nguBeyer et al. (67), ukusetshenziswa kwe-formic acid njenge-ejenti yokulwa namagciwane ngokumelene ne-Campylobacter kungadinga ukuqaphela. Lokhu okutholakele kuyinkinga ikakhulukazi ekungezeni kokudla ezinkukhu ngoba i-formic acid ingumthombo wamandla okuphefumula we-C. jejuni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye yendawo yayo yokugaya ukudla kucatshangwa ukuthi ibangelwa ukondla nge-metabolic ngemikhiqizo exubile yokubilisa i-acid ekhiqizwa amabhaktheriya e-gastrointestinal, njenge-formate (139). Lo mbono unesisekelo esithile. Ngenxa yokuthi i-formate iyi-chemoattractant ye-C. jejuni, ama-mutant amabili aneziphambeko kokubili i-formate dehydrogenase kanye ne-hydrogenase anciphise amazinga okufakwa kwe-cecal ezinkukhu ze-broiler uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlobo ze-C. jejuni zasendle (140, 141). Akukacaci ukuthi ukungezelelwa kwe-formic acid yangaphandle kuthinta kangakanani ukufakwa kwe-gastrointestinal tract yi-C. jejuni ezinkukhu. Ukugxila kwangempela kwe-formate yamathumbu kungase kube phansi ngenxa ye-formate catabolism ngamanye amabhaktheriya amathumbu noma ukumuncwa kwe-formate endaweni ephezulu yesisu, ngakho-ke izinto eziningana zingathinta lokhu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-formate ingumkhiqizo ongaba khona wokubilisa okhiqizwa amanye amabhaktheriya amathumbu, okungase kuthonye amazinga e-formate aphelele e-gastrointestinal. Ukulinganiswa kwe-formate kokuqukethwe kwesisu kanye nokuhlonza izakhi zofuzo ze-formate dehydrogenase kusetshenziswa i-metagenomics kungakhanyisa ezinye izici zemvelo yama-microorganisms akhiqiza i-formate.
URoth nabanye (142) baqhathanise imiphumela yokondla izinkukhu ze-broiler i-enrofloxacin ye-antibiotic noma ingxube yama-formic, i-acetic, kanye ne-propionic acids ekwandeni kwe-Escherichia coli engamelana namagciwane. Ama-E. coli isolates aphelele kanye nalawo angamelana namagciwane abalwa kumasampula endle ahlanganisiwe avela ezinkukhu ze-broiler ezinosuku olulodwa kanye namasampula okuqukethwe yi-cecal avela ezinkukhu ze-broiler ezinosuku olu-14 kanye no-38. Ama-E. coli isolates ahlolwe ukumelana ne-ampicillin, i-cefotaxime, i-ciprofloxacin, i-streptomycin, i-sulfamethoxazole, kanye ne-tetracycline ngokuya ngama-breakpoints anqunywe ngaphambilini e-antibiotic ngayinye. Lapho inani le-E. coli elifanele lilinganiswa futhi lichazwa, i-enrofloxacin kanye ne-acid cocktail supplementation akushintshanga inani eliphelele le-E. coli elihlukaniswe yi-ceca yezinkukhu ze-broiler ezinezinsuku eziyi-17 kanye nezingu-28 ubudala. Izinyoni ezidliwe ukudla okungeziwe nge-enrofloxacin zazinamazinga aphezulu e-ciprofloxacin-, streptomycin-, sulfamethoxazole-, kanye ne-tetracycline-resistant E. coli kanye namazinga aphansi e-cefotaxime-resistant E. coli ku-ceca. Izinyoni ezidliwe i-cocktail zazinamanani aphansi e-ampicillin- kanye ne-tetracycline-resistant E. coli ku-ceca uma kuqhathaniswa nezinyoni ezilawulwayo kanye ne-enrofloxacin-supplemented. Izinyoni ezidliwe i-mixed acid nazo zazinamanani aphansi e-ciprofloxacin- kanye ne-sulfamethoxazole-resistant E. coli ku-cecum uma kuqhathaniswa nezinyoni ezidliwe i-enrofloxacin. Indlela ama-acid anciphisa ngayo inani le-E. coli-resistant antibiotic ngaphandle kokunciphisa inani eliphelele le-E. coli ayikacaci. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yocwaningo lukaRoth et al. iyahambisana naleyo yeqembu le-enrofloxacin. (142) Lokhu kungaba yinkomba yokuncipha kokusabalala kwezakhi zofuzo zokumelana namagciwane ku-E. coli, njengezithibi ezixhunywe ku-plasmid ezichazwe nguCabezon et al. (143). Kungaba mnandi ukwenza ukuhlaziywa okujulile kokumelana namagciwane okubangelwa yi-plasmid kubantu abadla ukudla okunezinkukhu lapho kukhona izithasiselo zokudla ezifana ne-formic acid kanye nokuthuthukisa lokhu kuhlaziywa ngokuhlola ukumelana namagciwane okubangelwa ukudla okunezinkukhu.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezithasiselo zokudla ezilwa namagciwane ezifanele kakhulu ngokumelene namagciwane kufanele kube nomthelela omncane kakhulu ezitshalweni zesisu, ikakhulukazi kulezo microbiota ezibhekwa njengeziwusizo kumnikazi. Kodwa-ke, ama-organic acid anikezwa ngaphandle angaba nemiphumela emibi kuma-microbiota esisu ahlala futhi ngezinga elithile aqede izakhiwo zawo zokuvikela ezifweni. Isibonelo, uThompson noHinton (129) babone amazinga e-lactic acid enciphile ezinkukhu ezibelethayo eziphakelwa ingxube yama-formic nama-propionic acid, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukuba khona kwala ma-organic acid angaphandle esitshalweni kuholele ekunciphiseni kwe-lactobacilli yesitshalo. Ama-crop lactobacilli abhekwa njengesithiyo ku-Salmonella, ngakho-ke ukuphazamiseka kwale microbiota yesitshalo esihlala khona kungaba yingozi ekunciphiseni ngempumelelo ukwakheka kwe-Salmonella endleleni yesisu (144). U-Açıkgöz et al. bathole ukuthi imiphumela ephansi yendlela yesisu yezinyoni ingaba ngaphansi. (145) Akukho mehluko otholakale ezitshalweni zamathumbu noma ezibalo ze-Escherichia coli ezinkukhu zenkukhu ezinezinsuku ezingu-42 eziphuza amanzi ane-acid ene-formic acid. Abalobi basikisela ukuthi lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa yokuthi i-forme iguqulwa ibe yi-metabolite endaweni ephezulu yesisu, njengoba kuye kwabonwa abanye abacwaningi abasebenzisa ama-fatty acid amafushane (SCFA) anikezwa ngaphandle (128, 129).
Ukuvikela i-formic acid ngokusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwe-encapsulation kungasiza ukuthi ifinyelele umgudu wokugaya ukudla ophansi. (146) baphawule ukuthi i-microencapsulated formic acid yandise kakhulu okuqukethwe yi-total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) ku-cecum yezingulube uma kuqhathaniswa nezingulube ezidla i-formic acid engavikelekile. Lo mphumela uholele ababhali ukuthi basikisele ukuthi i-formic acid ingafinyelela ngempumelelo umgudu wokugaya ukudla ophansi uma ivikelwe kahle. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izilinganiso eziningana, njenge-formate kanye ne-lactate concentrations, nakuba ziphakeme kunezo ezingulubeni ezidla ukudla okulawulayo, azihlukile ngokwezibalo kulezo ezingulubeni ezidla ukudla okungavikelekile kwe-formate. Nakuba izingulube ezidla i-formic acid engavikelekile kanye nevikelwe zibonise ukwanda okuphindwe kathathu kwe-lactic acid, inani le-lactobacilli alishintshwanga yinoma yikuphi ukwelashwa. Umehluko ungase ubonakale kakhulu kwamanye ama-microorganisms akhiqiza i-lactic acid ku-cecum (1) angatholakali ngalezi zindlela kanye/noma (2) omsebenzi wawo we-metabolic uthintekile, ngaleyo ndlela kushintshe iphethini yokubilisa ukuze i-lactobacilli ehlala khona ikhiqize i-lactic acid eningi.
Ukuze kufundwe ngokunembile imiphumela yezithasiselo zokudla endleleni yokugaya ukudla yezilwane zasemapulazini, kudingeka izindlela zokuhlonza amagciwane anesinqumo esiphezulu. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ukulandelana kwesizukulwane esilandelayo (NGS) kwe-16S RNA gene kusetshenziswe ukuhlonza i-microbiome taxa nokuqhathanisa ukuhlukahluka kwemiphakathi yamagciwane (147), okunikeze ukuqonda okungcono kokuxhumana phakathi kwezithasiselo zokudla kanye ne-gastrointestinal microbiota yezilwane zokudla njengenkukhu.
Izifundo eziningana zisebenzise ukulandelana kwe-microbiome ukuhlola impendulo ye-microbiome yenkukhu ekugayeni ukudla ukuze kwakhiwe i-supplement. U-Oakley nabanye (148) benze ucwaningo ezinkukhu ze-broiler ezinezinsuku ezingu-42 ezifakwe inhlanganisela ehlukahlukene ye-formic acid, i-propionic acid, kanye nama-medium-chain fatty acid emanzini noma ekudleni kwazo okuphuza. Izinkukhu ezigonyiwe zaphonselwa inselelo nge-nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella typhimurium strain kanti i-ceca yazo yasuswa ezinsukwini ezingu-0, 7, 21, kanye nezingu-42 ubudala. Amasampula e-Cecal alungiselelwa i-pyrosequencing engu-454 kanye nemiphumela yokulandelelana yahlolwa ukuze kuhlukaniswe futhi kuqhathaniswe ukufana. Sekukonke, ukwelashwa akuzange kuthinte kakhulu amazinga e-cecal microbiome noma i-S. Typhimurium. Kodwa-ke, amazinga okutholwa kwe-Salmonella anciphile njengoba izinyoni zikhula, njengoba kuqinisekiswe ukuhlaziywa kwe-taxonomic kwe-microbiome, kanye nobuningi be-Salmonella sequences nabo behla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abalobi baphawula ukuthi njengoba izinkukhu ezifuywayo zikhula, ukuhlukahluka kwenani lamagciwane ase-cecal kwanda, kanye nezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu ezitshalweni zesisu ezibonwe kuwo wonke amaqembu okwelapha. Ocwaningweni lwamuva nje, uHu et al. (149) baqhathanise imiphumela yokuphuza amanzi nokondla ukudla okunezelwe ngengxube yama-organic acid (i-formic acid, i-acetic acid, i-propionic acid, kanye ne-ammonium formate) kanye ne-virginiamycin kumasampula e-cecal microbiome avela ezinkukhu ze-broiler eziqoqwe ngezigaba ezimbili (izinsuku ezingu-1-21 kanye nezinsuku ezingu-22-42). Nakuba umehluko othile ekuhlukeni kwe-cecal microbiome ubonwe phakathi kwamaqembu okwelapha ezinsukwini ezingu-21 ubudala, akukho mehluko ekuhlukeni kwe-α- noma i-β-bacteria okutholakale ezinsukwini ezingu-42. Ngenxa yokuntuleka komehluko ezinsukwini ezingu-42 ubudala, ababhali bacabanga ukuthi inzuzo yokukhula ingase ibangelwe ukusungulwa kwangaphambili kwe-microbiome ehlukahlukene kakhulu.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-microbiome okugxile kuphela emphakathini we-cecal microbial kungase kungabonakali ukuthi imiphumela eminingi ye-acids yokudla ephilayo ivela kuphi endleleni yokugaya ukudla. I-microbiome yendlela yokugaya ukudla ephezulu yezinkukhu ze-broiler ingase ibe sengozini enkulu yemiphumela ye-acids yokudla ephilayo, njengoba kuphakanyiswe yimiphumela kaHume et al. (128). UHume et al. (128) babonise ukuthi iningi le-propionate eyongezwe ngaphandle yayimuncwa endleleni yokugaya ukudla ephezulu yezinyoni. Izifundo zakamuva mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwezinambuzane ze-gastrointestinal nazo ziyawusekela lo mbono. UNava et al. (150) babonise ukuthi inhlanganisela ye-organic acids [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], i-formic acid, kanye ne-propionic acid (HFP) kuthinte i-gut microbiota futhi kwandise i-Lactobacillus colonization ku-ileum yezinkukhu. Muva nje, uGoodarzi Borojeni et al. (150) babonise ukuthi inhlanganisela ye-organic acid [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], i-formic acid, kanye ne-propionic acid (HFP) kuthinte i-gut microbiota futhi kwandise i-Lactobacillus colonization ku-ileum yezinkukhu. (151) bafunde ukondla izinkukhu ze-broiler ingxube ye-formic acid kanye ne-propionic acid ngama-concentration amabili (0.75% kanye no-1.50%) izinsuku ezingama-35. Ekupheleni kokuhlolwa, isivuno, isisu, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu ze-ileum, kanye ne-cecum zasuswa futhi amasampula athathwa ukuze kuhlaziywe inani lezitshalo ezithile zamathumbu kanye nama-metabolites kusetshenziswa i-RT-PCR. Emasikweni, ukuhlushwa kwama-organic acid akuzange kuthinte ubuningi be-Lactobacillus noma i-Bifidobacterium, kodwa kwandisa inani le-Clostridium. Ku-ileum, izinguquko kuphela kwaba ukwehla kwe-Lactobacillus kanye ne-Enterobacter, kanti ku-cecum lezi zitshalo azizange zishintshe (151). Ekugcwalisweni okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-organic acid supplement, ukugcwala okuphelele kwe-lactic acid (D kanye ne-L) kwehlisiwe esivunweni, ukugcwala kokubili kwe-organic acid kwehlisiwe esivunweni, kanti ukugcwala kwama-organic acid kwakuphansi ku-cecum. Akukho zinguquko ku-ileum. Ngokuphathelene nama-fatty acid amafushane (ama-SCFA), ushintsho olulodwa esivunweni kanye ne-gizzard yezinyoni eziphakelwa ama-organic acid lwalusezingeni le-propionate. Izinyoni eziphakelwa ukugcwala okuphansi kwe-organic acid zibonise ukwanda okucishe kube yishumi kwe-propionate esivunweni, kanti izinyoni eziphakelwa ukugcwala okubili kwe-organic acid zibonise ukwanda okuphindwe kasishiyagalombili kanye nayishumi nanhlanu kwe-propionate esivunweni, ngokulandelana. Ukwanda kwe-acetate ku-ileum kwakungaphansi kokuphindwe kabili. Sekukonke, le datha isekela umbono wokuthi imiphumela eminingi yokusetshenziswa kwe-organic acid yangaphandle yayibonakala ekuvuthweni, kanti ama-organic acid ayenemiphumela emincane emphakathini we-microbial ophansi we-gastrointestinal, okuphakamisa ukuthi amaphethini okuvutshelwa kwezitshalo ezihlala emathunjini aphezulu kungenzeka ukuthi ashintshiwe.
Ngokusobala, kudingeka incazelo ejulile ye-microbiome ukuze kucaciswe ngokugcwele izimpendulo zamagciwane ukuze zakheke kulo lonke umgudu wokugaya ukudla. Ukuhlaziywa okujulile kohlobo lwamagciwane ezingxenyeni ezithile zokugaya ukudla, ikakhulukazi izingxenye eziphezulu njengesitshalo, kunganikeza ukuqonda okwengeziwe ekukhethweni kwamaqembu athile ezinto ezincane. Imisebenzi yazo ye-metabolic kanye ne-enzyme inganquma nokuthi zinobudlelwano obuphikisanayo yini namagciwane angena kumgudu wokugaya ukudla. Kungaba mnandi futhi ukwenza ukuhlaziywa kwe-metagenomic ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ukuchayeka ezithasiselweni zamakhemikhali ane-acid ngesikhathi sokuphila kwezinyoni kukhetha yini amabhaktheriya ahlala “abekezelela i-acid”, nokuthi ukuba khona kanye/noma umsebenzi we-metabolic walawa mabhaktheriya kungaba yini isithiyo esengeziwe ekuqoqweni kwezifo.
I-Formic acid ibilokhu isetshenziswa iminyaka eminingi njengesithasiselo samakhemikhali ekudleni kwezilwane kanye ne-silage acidifier. Enye yezindlela zayo eziyinhloko isenzo sayo sokulwa namagciwane ukunciphisa inani lamagciwane ekudleni kanye nokukhula kwawo okulandelayo endaweni yokugaya ukudla kwezinyoni. Izifundo ze-in vitro zikhombisile ukuthi i-formic acid iyi-ejenti yokulwa namagciwane esebenza kahle ngokumelene ne-Salmonella nezinye izifo. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-formic acid kuma-matrices okuphakelayo kungancishiswa inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo ezithakweni zokudla kanye namandla azo okuvimba. I-Formic acid ibonakala inomphumela ophikisayo ku-Salmonella nakwezinye izifo lapho igwinywa ngokudla noma ngamanzi okuphuza. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuphikisa kwenzeka ikakhulukazi endaweni ephezulu yokugaya ukudla, njengoba amazinga e-formic acid angancishiswa endaweni engezansi yokugaya ukudla, njengoba kunjalo nge-propionic acid. Umqondo wokuvikela i-formic acid ngokufaka i-encapsulation unikeza indlela engaba khona yokuletha i-acid eningi endaweni engezansi yokugaya ukudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi ingxube yama-organic acid isebenza kangcono ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwenkukhu kunokuphathwa kwe-acid eyodwa (152). I-Campylobacter emgudwini wokugaya ukudla ingasabela ngendlela ehlukile ku-formate, njengoba ingasebenzisa i-formate njengomnikeli we-electron, futhi i-formate ingumthombo wayo wamandla oyinhloko. Akucaci ukuthi ukwandisa ukugcwala kwe-formate emgudwini wokugaya ukudla kungaba yinzuzo yini ku-Campylobacter, futhi lokhu kungase kungenzeki kuye ngezinye izitshalo zamathumbu ezingasebenzisa i-formate njenge-substrate.
Kudingeka izifundo ezengeziwe ukuze kuhlolwe imiphumela ye-formic acid yesisu kumagciwane ahlala emathunjini angewona abangela izifo. Sikhetha ukuhlasela amagciwane ngokukhetha ngaphandle kokuphazamisa amalungu e-microbiome yesisu ezuzisa umninimzi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kudinga ukuhlaziywa okujulile kochungechunge lwe-microbiome lwale miphakathi yamagciwane ahlala emathunjini. Nakuba ezinye izifundo zishicilelwe ku-cecal microbiome yezinyoni eziphathwe nge-formic acid, kudingeka ukunakwa okwengeziwe emphakathini wamagciwane ahlala emathunjini aphezulu. Ukuhlonza amagciwane kanye nokuqhathaniswa kokufana phakathi kwemiphakathi yamagciwane ahlala emathunjini lapho kukhona noma kungekho i-formic acid kungaba incazelo engaphelele. Ukuhlaziywa okwengeziwe, kufaka phakathi i-metabolomics kanye ne-metagenomics, kuyadingeka ukuze kuchazwe umehluko wokusebenza phakathi kwamaqembu afanayo ngokwesakhiwo. Ukuhlukaniswa okunjalo kubalulekile ekusunguleni ubudlelwano phakathi komphakathi wamagciwane ahlala emathunjini kanye nezimpendulo zokusebenza kwezinyoni ekuthuthukisweni okusekelwe ku-formic acid. Ukuhlanganisa izindlela eziningi zokuchaza ngokunembile umsebenzi wesisu kufanele kuvumele ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu okwengeza i-organic acid asebenzayo futhi ekugcineni kuthuthukiswe izibikezelo zempilo nokusebenza kwezinyoni okuhle ngenkathi kuncishiswa izingozi zokuphepha kokudla.
U-SR ubhale lokhu kubuyekezwa ngosizo oluvela ku-DD no-KR. Bonke ababhali benze iminikelo emikhulu emsebenzini owethulwe kulokhu kubuyekezwa.
Ababhali bathi lokhu kubuyekezwa kuthole uxhaso oluvela ku-Anitox Corporation ukuze kuqalwe ukubhala nokushicilelwa kwalokhu kubuyekezwa. Abaxhasi babengenalo ithonya emibonweni naseziphethweni ezivezwe kulesi sihloko sokubuyekezwa noma esinqumweni sokukushicilela.
Abalobi abasele bathi ucwaningo lwenziwe ngaphandle kobudlelwano bezentengiselwano noma bezezimali obungabhekwa njengokungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo okungenzeka.
UDkt. DD angathanda ukubonga ukwesekwa okuvela e-University of Arkansas Graduate School ngokusebenzisa i-Distinguished Teaching Fellowship, kanye nokusekelwa okuqhubekayo okuvela ku-University of Arkansas Cell and Molecular Biology Program kanye noMnyango Wezesayensi Yokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababhali bangathanda ukubonga i-Anitox ngokusekela kokuqala ekubhaleni lokhu kubuyekezwa.
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