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Ukwanda kwe-shale ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezivamile kudala izinkinga ezinkulu, okuholela ekungazinzini kwe-wellbore. Ngenxa yezizathu zemvelo, ukusetshenziswa koketshezi lokubhoboza olusekelwe emanzini olunezithibi ze-shale ezengeziwe kuyathandwa kunoketshezi lokubhoboza olusekelwe ku-oyili. Uketshezi lwe-Ionic (ILs) ludonsele ukunaka okukhulu njengezivibi ze-shale ngenxa yezakhiwo zalo ezilungisekayo kanye nezici ezinamandla ze-electrostatic. Kodwa-ke, uketshezi lwe-ionic olusekelwe ku-imidazolyl (ILs), olusetshenziswa kabanzi kuketshezi lokubhoboza, luye lwabonakala lunobuthi, aluboli futhi lubiza kakhulu. Izithambisi ze-Deep Eutectic (DES) zibhekwa njengenye indlela engabizi kakhulu futhi engenabuthi kakhulu kunezithambisi ze-ionic, kodwa zisahluleka ukuhambisana nokusimama kwemvelo okudingekayo. Intuthuko yakamuva kulo mkhakha iholele ekungenisweni kwezithambisi zemvelo ezijulile ze-eutectic (NADES), ezaziwa ngobungane bazo beqiniso bemvelo. Lolu cwaningo luhlole ama-NADES, aqukethe i-citric acid (njengesamukeli se-hydrogen bond) kanye ne-glycerol (njengomnikeli we-hydrogen bond) njengezithasiselo zoketshezi lokubhoboza. Uketshezi lokubhoboza olusekelwe ku-NADES lwakhiwe ngokuhambisana ne-API 13B-1 futhi ukusebenza kwalo kuqhathaniswa noketshezi lokubhoboza olusekelwe ku-potassium chloride, uketshezi lwe-ionic olusekelwe ku-imidazolium, kanye noketshezi lokubhoboza olusekelwe ku-choline chloride:urea-DES. Izakhiwo ze-physicochemical zama-NADES azimele zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe. Izakhiwo ze-rheological, ukulahlekelwa uketshezi, kanye nezakhiwo zokuvimbela i-shale zoketshezi lokubhoboza zahlolwa ngesikhathi socwaningo, futhi kwaboniswa ukuthi ekugxilweni kwama-NADES angu-3%, isilinganiso sokucindezeleka kwe-yield/plastic viscosity (YP/PV) sanda, ubukhulu bekhekhe lodaka bancishiswa ngo-26%, kanye nevolumu yokuhlunga yancishiswa ngo-30.1%. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi ama-NADES athole izinga lokuvimbela ukwanda elimangalisayo elingu-49.14% kanye nokwanda kokukhiqizwa kwe-shale ngo-86.36%. Le miphumela ibangelwa ikhono lama-NADES lokushintsha umsebenzi wobuso, amandla e-zeta, kanye nesikhala esiphakathi kwezingqimba zobumba, okuxoxwa ngazo kuleli phepha ukuze kuqondwe izindlela eziyisisekelo. Lolu ketshezi lokumba oluqhubekayo kulindeleke ukuthi luguqule imboni yokumba ngokuhlinzeka ngenye indlela engenabungozi, engabizi kakhulu, futhi ephumelela kakhulu esikhundleni sezithibi zokugqwala kwe-shale zendabuko, okuvule indlela yemikhuba yokumba enobungani nemvelo.
I-Shale iyidwala eliguquguqukayo elisebenza njengomthombo kanye nesigcini sama-hydrocarbon, futhi isakhiwo salo esinezimbobo1 sinikeza amandla okukhiqizwa kanye nokugcinwa kwalezi zinsiza ezibalulekile. Kodwa-ke, i-shale icebile ngamaminerali obumba njenge-montmorillonite, i-smectite, i-kaolinite kanye ne-illite, okwenza ithambekele ekuvuvukeni lapho ivezwa emanzini, okuholela ekungazinzini kwemigodi ngesikhathi sokumba2,3. Lezi zinkinga zingaholela esikhathini esingasebenzi kahle (i-NPT) kanye nezinkinga eziningi zokusebenza okuhlanganisa amapayipi anamathele, ukulahleka kokujikeleza kodaka, ukuwohloka kwemigodi kanye nokungcola kwe-bit, okwandisa isikhathi sokululama kanye nezindleko. Ngokwesiko, uketshezi lokumba olusekelwe kumafutha (i-OBDF) lube yisinqumo esithandwayo sokwakheka kwemigodi ngenxa yamandla alo okumelana nokwanda kwemigodi4. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa koketshezi lokumba olusekelwe kumafutha kuhilela izindleko eziphakeme kanye nezingozi zemvelo. Uketshezi lokumba olusekelwe kokwenziwa (i-SBDF) luye lwabhekwa njengenye indlela, kodwa ukufaneleka kwalo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu alwanelisi. Amanzi okubhoboza asekelwe emanzini (i-WBDF) ayisisombululo esikhangayo ngoba aphephile, anobungani nemvelo, futhi angabizi kakhulu kune-OBDF5. Ama-shale inhibitors ahlukahlukene asetshenziswe ukuthuthukisa ikhono lokuvimbela i-shale le-WBDF, kufaka phakathi ama-inhibitors endabuko njenge-potassium chloride, i-lime, i-silicate, ne-polymer. Kodwa-ke, lawa ma-inhibitors anemikhawulo ngokusebenza kahle kanye nomthelela wemvelo, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokugcwala okuphezulu kwe-K+ kuma-potassium chloride inhibitors kanye nokuzwela kwe-pH kwama-silicates. 6 Abacwaningi bahlole ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa ama-ionic liquids njengezithasiselo zama-drilling fluid ukuthuthukisa i-rheology yama-drilling fluid nokuvimbela ukuvuvukala kwe-shale kanye nokwakheka kwama-hydrate. Kodwa-ke, lawa ma-ionic liquids, ikakhulukazi lawo aqukethe ama-imidazolyl cations, ngokuvamile anobuthi, ayabiza, awaboli, futhi adinga izinqubo zokulungiselela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuze baxazulule lezi zinkinga, abantu baqala ukufuna enye indlela engabizi kakhulu nenobungani nemvelo, okwaholela ekuveleni kwama-deep eutectic solvents (DES). I-DES iyingxube ye-eutectic eyakhiwe ngumnikeli we-hydrogen bond (HBD) kanye ne-hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) ngesilinganiso esithile se-molar kanye nokushisa. Lezi zingxube ze-eutectic zinamaphuzu okuncibilika aphansi kunezingxenye zazo ngazinye, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokususwa kweshaja okubangelwa yizibopho ze-hydrogen. Izici eziningi, kufaka phakathi amandla e-lattice, ushintsho lwe-entropy, kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwama-anion ne-HBD, kudlala indima ebalulekile ekwehliseni iphuzu lokuncibilika kwe-DES.
Ezifundweni zangaphambilini, izithasiselo ezahlukahlukene zengezwe oketshezini lokubhoboza olusekelwe emanzini ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yokwanda kwe-shale. Isibonelo, u-Ofei nabanye bangeze i-1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl), eyehlise kakhulu ubukhulu bekhekhe lodaka (kufika ku-50%) futhi yehlisa inani le-YP/PV ngo-11 emazingeni okushisa ahlukene. U-Huang nabanye basebenzise uketshezi lwe-ionic (ikakhulukazi, i-1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide kanye ne-1,2-bis(3-hexylimidazol-1-yl)ethane bromide) kuhlanganiswe nezinhlayiya ze-Na-Bt futhi yehlisa kakhulu ukuvuvukala kwe-shale ngo-86.43% kanye no-94.17%, ngokulandelana12. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Yang nabanye. basebenzise i-1-vinyl-3-dodecylimidazolium bromide kanye ne-1-vinyl-3-tetradecylimidazolium bromide ukunciphisa ukuvuvukala kwe-shale ngo-16.91% kanye no-5.81%, ngokulandelana. 13 UYang nabanye basebenzise ne-1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide futhi banciphisa ukwanda kwe-shale ngo-31.62% ngenkathi begcina ukululama kwe-shale ku-40.60%. 14 Ngaphezu kwalokho, uLuo nabanye basebenzise i-1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ukunciphisa ukuvuvukala kwe-shale ngo-80%. 15, 16 UDai nabanye basebenzise ama-ionic liquid copolymers ukuvimbela i-shale futhi bathola ukwanda okungu-18% ekubuyiseleni okuqondile uma kuqhathaniswa nama-amine inhibitors. 17
Uketshezi lwe-Ionic ngokwalo lunezinkinga ezithile, okwabangela ososayensi ukuthi bafune ezinye izindlela ezinobungani nemvelo kune-ionic liquids, ngakho-ke kwazalwa i-DES. UHanjia wayengowokuqala ukusebenzisa i-deep eutectic solvents (DES) equkethe i-vinyl chloride propionic acid (1:1), i-vinyl chloride 3-phenylpropionic acid (1:2), kanye ne-3-mercaptopropionic acid + itaconic acid + vinyl chloride (1:1:2), eyavimbela ukuvuvukala kwe-bentonite ngo-68%, 58%, kanye no-58%, ngokulandelana18. Esivivinyweni samahhala, uMH Rasul wasebenzisa isilinganiso esingu-2:1 se-glycerol kanye ne-potassium carbonate (DES) futhi wanciphisa kakhulu ukuvuvukala kwamasampula e-shale ngo-87%19,20. UMa wasebenzisa i-urea:vinyl chloride ukunciphisa kakhulu ukwanda kwe-shale ngo-67%.21 URasul nabanye. Inhlanganisela ye-DES kanye ne-polymer yasetshenziswa njengesivimbeli se-shale esine-action ezimbili, esathola umphumela omuhle kakhulu wokuvimbela i-shale22.
Nakuba i-deep eutectic solvents (DES) ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengendlela eluhlaza kakhulu kune-ionic liquids, futhi iqukethe izingxenye ezingaba yingozi njengosawoti we-ammonium, okwenza ubungane bazo bemvelo bungabazeke. Le nkinga iholele ekuthuthukisweni kwe-natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). Zisahlukaniswa njenge-DES, kodwa zakhiwe ngezinto zemvelo nosawoti, okuhlanganisa i-potassium chloride (KCl), i-calcium chloride (CaCl2), usawoti we-Epsom (MgSO4.7H2O), nabanye. Ukuhlanganiswa okuningi okungenzeka kwe-DES ne-NADES kuvula ububanzi obanzi bocwaningo kule ndawo futhi kulindeleke ukuthi kutholakale izinhlelo zokusebenza emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene. Abacwaningi abaningana bathuthukise ngempumelelo inhlanganisela entsha ye-DES eye yabonakala isebenza kahle ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezicelo. Isibonelo, uNaser et al. 2013 bahlanganisa i-potassium carbonate-based DES futhi bafunda izakhiwo zayo ze-thermophysical, kamuva ezithole izinhlelo zokusebenza ezindaweni zokuvimbela i-hydrate, izithasiselo zoketshezi lokubhoboza, i-deignification, kanye ne-nanofibrillation. 23 UJordy Kim kanye nabalingani bakhe bathuthukise i-NADES esekelwe ku-ascorbic acid futhi bahlola izakhiwo zayo ze-antioxidant ezisetshenziswayo ezahlukahlukene. 24 UChrister nabanye bathuthukise i-NADES esekelwe ku-citric acid futhi bathola amandla ayo njengesithako semikhiqizo ye-collagen. 25 ULiu Yi kanye nabalingani bakhe bafingqa ukusetshenziswa kwe-NADES njengemidiya yokukhipha kanye ne-chromatography ekubuyekezweni okuphelele, kuyilapho uMisan nabanye baxoxe ngokusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kwe-NADES emkhakheni wezokudla kwezolimo. Kubalulekile ukuthi abacwaningi boketshezi lokubhoboza baqale ukunaka ukusebenza kwe-NADES ezisetshenziswayo zabo. Ngo-2023, uRasul nabanye basebenzise inhlanganisela ehlukene yezixazululo zemvelo ezijulile ze-eutectic ezisekelwe ku-ascorbic acid26, i-calcium chloride27, i-potassium chloride28 kanye nosawoti we-Epsom29 futhi bathola ukuvinjelwa kwe-shale okumangalisayo kanye nokululama kwe-shale. Lolu cwaningo lungolunye lwezifundo zokuqala ezethula i-NADES (ikakhulukazi i-citric acid kanye ne-glycerol-based formulation) njengesivimbeli se-shale esinobungani nemvelo futhi esisebenzayo emanzini okubhoboza, esinokuqina okuhle kakhulu kwemvelo, ikhono lokuvimbela i-shale elithuthukisiwe kanye nokusebenza koketshezi okuthuthukisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nezivimbeli zendabuko ezifana ne-KCl, uketshezi lwe-ionic olusekelwe ku-imidazolyl kanye ne-DES yendabuko.
Lolu cwaningo luzobandakanya ukulungiswa kwangaphakathi kwe-NADES esekelwe ku-citric acid (CA) kulandelwe ukucaciswa okuningiliziwe kwe-physicochemical kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo njengesithasiselo soketshezi lokubhoboza ukuhlola izakhiwo zoketshezi lokubhoboza kanye nekhono lalo lokuvimbela ukuvuvukala. Kulolu cwaningo, i-CA izosebenza njengokwamukela isibopho se-hydrogen kuyilapho i-glycerol (Gly) izosebenza njengomnikeli wesibopho se-hydrogen okhethiwe ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zokuhlola ze-MH zokwakheka/ukukhethwa kwe-NADES ezifundweni zokuvimbela i-shale30. Izilinganiso ze-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), i-X-ray diffraction (XRD) kanye ne-zeta potential (ZP) zizocacisa ukusebenzisana kwe-NADES nobumba kanye nendlela engaphansi kokuvimbela ukuvuvukala kobumba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu cwaningo luzoqhathanisa uketshezi lokubhoboza olusekelwe ku-CA NADES ne-DES32 ngokusekelwe ku-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [EMIM]Cl7,12,14,17,31, KCl kanye ne-choline chloride:urea (1:2) ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kwazo ekuvinjelweni kwe-shale kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza koketshezi lokubhoboza.
I-citric acid (i-monohydrate), i-glycerol (99 USP), kanye ne-urea kuthengwe kwa-EvaChem, eKuala Lumpur, eMalaysia. I-Choline chloride (>98%), [EMIM]Cl 98%, kanye ne-potassium chloride kuthengwe kwa-Sigma Aldrich, eMalaysia. Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zawo wonke amakhemikhali ziboniswe ku-Figure 1. Umdwebo oluhlaza uqhathanisa amakhemikhali ayinhloko asetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo: i-imidazolyl ionic liquid, i-choline chloride (DES), i-citric acid, i-glycerol, i-potassium chloride, kanye ne-NADES (i-citric acid kanye ne-glycerol). Ithebula lobungani bemvelo lamakhemikhali asetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo livezwe ku-Thebula 1. Ethebuleni, ikhemikhali ngayinye ikalwe ngokusekelwe ebuthi, ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo, izindleko, kanye nokusimama kwemvelo.
Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zezinto ezisetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo: (a) i-citric acid, (b) [EMIM]Cl, (c) i-choline chloride, kanye (d) ne-glycerol.
Abanikeli be-hydrogen bond (HBD) kanye nabamukeli be-hydrogen bond (HBA) bokuthuthukiswa kwe-CA (natural deep eutectic solvent) bakhethwe ngokucophelela ngokwemigomo yokukhetha ye-MH 30, ehloselwe ukuthuthukiswa kwe-NADES njengezithibi ze-shale ezisebenzayo. Ngokwale nqubo, izingxenye ezinenani elikhulu labanikeli be-hydrogen bond kanye nabamukeli kanye namaqembu asebenzayo e-polar zibhekwa njengezifanele ukuthuthukiswa kwe-NADES.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ionic liquid [EMIM]Cl kanye ne-choline chloride:urea deep eutectic solvent (DES) zikhethiwe ukuze ziqhathaniswe kulolu cwaningo ngoba zisetshenziswa kabanzi njengezithasiselo zoketshezi lokubhoboza33,34,35,36. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-potassium chloride (KCl) iqhathaniswe ngoba iyisithibi esivamile.
I-citric acid kanye ne-glycerol kwaxutshwa ngezilinganiso ezahlukene ze-molar ukuze kutholakale izingxube ze-eutectic. Ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kubonise ukuthi ingxube ye-eutectic yayiwuketshezi olufana nolucacile olungenawo umswakama, okubonisa ukuthi umnikeli we-hydrogen bond (HBD) kanye nokwamukela izibopho ze-hydrogen (HBA) kwaxutshwa ngempumelelo kule nhlanganisela ye-eutectic. Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwenziwa ukuze kubonwe ukuziphatha okuncike ekushiseni kwenqubo yokuxuba ye-HBD kanye ne-HBA. Ngokwezincwadi ezitholakalayo, isilinganiso sezingxube ze-eutectic sahlolwa emazingeni okushisa amathathu athile angaphezu kuka-50 °C, 70 °C kanye no-100 °C, okubonisa ukuthi izinga lokushisa le-eutectic livame ukuba phakathi kuka-50–80 °C. Ibhalansi yedijithali ye-Mettler yasetshenziswa ukulinganisa ngokunembile izingxenye ze-HBD kanye ne-HBA, futhi ipuleti elishisayo le-Thermo Fisher lasetshenziswa ukushisa nokuvuselela i-HBD kanye ne-HBA ngo-100 rpm ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo.
Izakhiwo ze-thermophysical ze-deep eutectic solvent yethu (DES) eyenziwe ngendlela ehlanganisiwe, okuhlanganisa ukuminyana, ukucindezeleka kobuso, inkomba yokukhanya, kanye ne-viscosity, zalinganiswa ngokunembile ebangeni lokushisa elisukela ku-289.15 kuya ku-333.15 K. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi leli banga lokushisa likhethwe ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwemishini ekhona. Ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kwafaka phakathi ucwaningo olujulile lwezakhiwo ezahlukene ze-thermophysical zale ndlela yokwakheka kwe-NADES, okwembula ukuziphatha kwazo ebangeni lokushisa elihlukahlukene. Ukugxila kuleli banga lokushisa elithile kunikeza ukuqonda ngezakhiwo ze-NADES ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ukuqina kobuso be-NADES njengoba kulungiselelwe kwalinganiswa kusukela ku-289.15 kuya ku-333.15 K kusetshenziswa imitha yokuqina kobuso (IFT700). Amaconsi e-NADES akhiwa ekamelweni eligcwele umthamo omkhulu woketshezi kusetshenziswa inaliti ye-capillary ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokushisa kanye nokucindezela. Izinhlelo zesimanje zokuthwebula izithombe zethula amapharamitha afanele ejometri ukuze kubalwe ukuqina kobuso kusetshenziswa i-Laplace equation.
I-ATAGO refractometer yasetshenziswa ukunquma inkomba yokukhanya kwe-NADES esanda kulungiswa ebangeni lokushisa elingu-289.15 kuya ku-333.15 K. Ithuluzi lisebenzisa imodyuli yokushisa ukulawula izinga lokushisa ukuze lilinganise izinga lokukhanya kokukhanya, kuqedwe isidingo sokugeza amanzi okushisa okungaguquki. Ubuso be-prism ye-refractometer kufanele buhlanzwe futhi isixazululo sesampula kufanele sisatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo phezu kwaso. Linganisa ngesisombululo esijwayelekile esaziwayo, bese ufunda inkomba yokukhanya esikrinini.
Ukuqina kwe-NADES okulungisiwe kwalinganiswa phezu kobubanzi bokushisa obungu-289.15 kuya ku-333.15 K kusetshenziswa i-Brookfield rotational viscometer (uhlobo lwe-cryogenic) ngesivinini sokushefa esingu-30 rpm kanye nosayizi we-spindle ongu-6. I-viscometer ilinganisa ukuqina ngokunquma i-torque edingekayo ukuze kujikelezwe i-spindle ngesivinini esingaguquki kusampula yoketshezi. Ngemva kokuba isampula ibekwe esikrinini ngaphansi kwe-spindle futhi iqiniswe, i-viscometer ibonisa ukuqina ku-centipoise (cP), inikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nezakhiwo ze-rheological zoketshezi.
Imitha yobuningi ephathekayo i-DMA 35 Basic yasetshenziswa ukunquma ubuningi be-solvent yemvelo ejulile eutectic (NDEES) esanda kulungiswa ebangeni lokushisa elingu-289.15–333.15 K. Njengoba idivayisi ingenayo i-heater eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, kumele ishiswe ngaphambi kokushisa okucacisiwe (± 2 °C) ngaphambi kokusebenzisa imitha yobuningi be-NADES. Dweba okungenani ama-2 ml esampula ngepayipi, futhi ubuningi buzoboniswa ngokushesha esikrinini. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-heater eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, imiphumela yokulinganisa inephutha elingu-± 2 °C.
Ukuze sihlole i-pH yama-NADES asanda kulungiswa ebangeni lokushisa elingu-289.15–333.15 K, sisebenzise imitha ye-pH ye-Kenis benchtop. Njengoba kungekho divayisi yokushisa eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, ama-NADES aqale ashiswa aze afike ezingeni lokushisa elifunekayo (±2 °C) kusetshenziswa i-hotplate bese elinganiswa ngqo ngemitha ye-pH. Gcwalisa ngokuphelele i-probe yemitha ye-pH ku-NADES bese uqopha inani lokugcina ngemva kokuba ukufundwa sekuzinzile.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Thermogravimetric (TGA) kwasetshenziswa ukuhlola ukuzinza kokushisa kwe-natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). Amasampula ahlaziywa ngesikhathi sokushisa. Kusetshenziswa ibhalansi enembile kakhulu kanye nokuqapha ngokucophelela inqubo yokushisa, kwakhiqizwa igrafu yokulahlekelwa okukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokushisa. I-NADES yashiswa kusukela ku-0 kuya ku-500 °C ngesilinganiso esingu-1 °C ngomzuzu.
Ukuze kuqalwe inqubo, isampula ye-NADES kumele ixutshwe kahle, ihlanganiswe ngendlela efanayo, bese kususwe umswakama womphezulu. Isampula elungisiwe ibe isifakwa ku-cuvette ye-TGA, evame ukwenziwa ngezinto ezingangenisi njenge-aluminium. Ukuqinisekisa imiphumela enembile, amathuluzi e-TGA alinganiswa kusetshenziswa izinto zokubhekisela, ngokuvamile amazinga esisindo. Uma isilinganisiwe, ukuhlolwa kwe-TGA kuqala futhi isampula ishiswa ngendlela elawulwayo, ngokuvamile ngesivinini esingaguquki. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kobudlelwano phakathi kwesisindo sesampula kanye nokushisa kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuhlolwa. Amathuluzi e-TGA aqoqa idatha ngokushisa, isisindo, kanye neminye imingcele efana nokugeleza kwegesi noma izinga lokushisa lesampula. Uma ukuhlolwa kwe-TGA sekuqediwe, idatha eqoqwe iyahlaziywa ukuze kutholakale ushintsho esisindweni sesampula njengomsebenzi wokushisa. Lolu lwazi luwusizo ekunqumeni amazinga okushisa ahlobene nezinguquko zomzimba nezamakhemikhali kusampula, kufaka phakathi izinqubo ezifana nokuncibilika, ukuhwamuka, i-oxidation, noma ukubola.
Uketshezi lokubhoboza olusekelwe emanzini lwakhiwe ngokucophelela ngokwezinga le-API 13B-1, futhi ukwakheka kwalo okuqondile kubhalwe kuThebula 2 ukuze kubhekwe kukho. I-Citric acid kanye ne-glycerol (99 USP) zathengwa kwa-Sigma Aldrich, eMalaysia ukuze kulungiswe i-natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-potassium chloride (KCl) evimbela i-shale evamile nayo ithengwe kwa-Sigma Aldrich, eMalaysia. I-1-ethyl, i-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl) enokuhlanzeka okungaphezu kuka-98% yakhethwa ngenxa yomphumela wayo obalulekile ekuthuthukiseni i-rheology yoketshezi lokubhoboza kanye nokuvinjelwa kwe-shale, okwaqinisekiswa ezifundweni zangaphambilini. Kokubili i-KCl kanye ne-([EMIM]Cl) kuzosetshenziswa ekuhlaziyeni okuqhathanisayo ukuhlola ukusebenza kokuvinjelwa kwe-shale kwe-NADES.
Abacwaningi abaningi bakhetha ukusebenzisa ama-bentonite flakes ukuze bafunde ukuvuvukala kwe-shale ngoba i-bentonite iqukethe iqembu elifanayo "le-montmorillonite" elibangela ukuvuvukala kwe-shale. Ukuthola amasampula e-shale core yangempela kuyinselele ngoba inqubo yokuhlanganisa iyawuphazamisa ukuqina kwe-shale, okuholela kumasampula angewona ama-shale ngokuphelele kodwa ngokuvamile aqukethe ingxube yezendlalelo zamatshe esihlabathi kanye ne-limestone. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasampula e-shale ngokuvamile awanayo amaqembu e-montmorillonite abangela ukuvuvukala kwe-shale futhi ngenxa yalokho awafaneleki ekuhlolweni kokuvimbela ukuvuvukala.
Kulolu cwaningo, sisebenzise izinhlayiya ze-bentonite ezakhiwe kabusha ezinobubanzi obungaba ngu-2.54 cm. Ama-granule enziwe ngokucindezela amagremu angu-11.5 e-sodium bentonite powder kumshini wokucindezela we-hydraulic ku-1600 psi. Ubukhulu bama-granule balinganiswa ngokunembile ngaphambi kokufakwa ku-linear dilatometer (LD). Izinhlayiya zabe sezicwiliswa kumasampula oketshezi lokubhoboza, kufaka phakathi amasampula esisekelo namasampula ajovwe ngezithiyo ezisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukuvuvukala kwe-shale. Ushintsho ekujikeni kwama-granule lwabe seluqashwa ngokucophelela kusetshenziswa i-LD, kanti izilinganiso zaqoshwa ngezikhathi zemizuzwana engama-60 amahora angama-24.
Ukwehlukaniswa kwe-X-ray kukhombisile ukuthi ukwakheka kwe-bentonite, ikakhulukazi ingxenye yayo engu-47% ye-montmorillonite, kuyisici esibalulekile ekuqondeni izici zayo ze-geological. Phakathi kwezingxenye ze-montmorillonite ze-bentonite, i-montmorillonite iyisakhi esiyinhloko, esibalelwa ku-88.6% wezingxenye eziphelele. Okwamanje, i-quartz ibalelwa ku-29%, i-illite ibalelwa ku-7%, kanye ne-carbonate ibalelwa ku-9%. Ingxenye encane (cishe u-3.2%) iyinhlanganisela ye-illite ne-montmorillonite. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqukethe izakhi ezincane ezifana ne-Fe2O3 (4.7%), i-silver aluminosilicate (1.2%), i-muscovite (4%), kanye ne-phosphate (2.3%). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona inani elincane le-Na2O (1.83%) kanye ne-iron silicate (2.17%), okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqonda ngokugcwele izakhi ezakha i-bentonite kanye nezilinganiso zazo.
Lesi sigaba socwaningo esibanzi sichaza izakhiwo ze-rheological kanye nezokuhlunga zamasampula oketshezi lokubhoboza alungiselelwe kusetshenziswa i-natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) futhi asetshenziswa njengesithasiselo soketshezi lokubhoboza ngamanani ahlukene (1%, 3% kanye no-5%). Amasampula oketshezi oluthambile asekelwe ku-NADES abe eseqhathaniswa futhi ahlaziywa ngamasampula oketshezi oluthambile aqukethe i-potassium chloride (KCl), i-CC:urea DES (i-choline chloride deep eutectic solvent:urea) kanye noketshezi lwe-ionic. Kuhlanganiswe amapharamitha amaningi abalulekile kulolu cwaningo kufaka phakathi ukufundwa kwe-viscosity okutholwe kusetshenziswa i-FANN viscometer ngaphambi nangemva kokuchayeka ezimweni zokuguga ku-100°C kanye no-150°C. Ukulinganisa kuthathwe ngesivinini sokujikeleza esihlukene (3 rpm, 6 rpm, 300 rpm kanye no-600 rpm) okuvumela ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kokuziphatha koketshezi lokubhoboza. Idatha etholakele ingasetshenziswa ukunquma izakhiwo ezibalulekile njengephuzu lokukhiqiza (YP) kanye ne-plastic viscosity (PV), okunikeza ukuqonda ngokusebenza koketshezi ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene. Ukuhlolwa kokuhlunga kokushisa okuphezulu (i-HPHT) okunomfutho ophezulu ku-400 psi kanye no-150°C (amazinga okushisa ajwayelekile emithonjeni yokushisa okuphezulu) kunquma ukusebenza kokuhlunga (ubukhulu bekhekhe kanye nomthamo wokuhlunga).
Lesi sigaba sisebenzisa imishini yesimanje, i-Grace HPHT Linear Dilatometer (M4600), ukuhlola ngokuphelele izakhiwo zokuvimbela ukuvuvukala kwe-shale zama-drilling fluid ethu asekelwe emanzini. I-LSM iwumshini wesimanje oqukethe izingxenye ezimbili: i-plate compactor kanye ne-linear dilatometer (imodeli: M4600). Amapuleti e-Bentonite alungiselelwe ukuhlaziywa kusetshenziswa i-Grace Core/Plate Compactor. I-LSM ibe isihlinzeka ngedatha yokuvuvukala ngokushesha kula mapuleti, okuvumela ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwezakhiwo zokuvimbela ukuvuvukala kwe-shale. Ukuhlolwa kokwandiswa kwe-shale kwenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezizungezile, okungukuthi, 25°C kanye ne-1 psia.
Ukuhlolwa kokuqina kwe-shale kuhilela ukuhlolwa okubalulekile okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kokubuyiselwa kwe-shale, ukuhlolwa kwe-shale dip noma ukuhlolwa kokusabalalisa kwe-shale. Ukuze uqale lokhu kuhlola, izingcezu ze-shale zihlukaniswa esikrinini se-BSS #6 bese zifakwa esikrinini se-#10. Izingcezu zibe seziphakelwa ethangini lokubamba lapho zixutshwa khona noketshezi oluyisisekelo kanye nodaka lokubhoboza oluqukethe i-NADES (Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent). Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukubeka ingxube kuhhavini ukuze kwenziwe inqubo yokugoqa eshisayo kakhulu, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izingcezu nodaka kuxutshwe kahle. Ngemva kwamahora angu-16, izingcezu zisuswa epulp ngokuvumela i-shale ukuthi ibole, okuholela ekunciphiseni isisindo sezingcezu. Ukuhlolwa kokubuyiselwa kwe-shale kwenziwa ngemuva kokuba izingcezu ze-shale zibanjwe odakeni lokubhoboza ku-150°C kanye ne-1000 psi. intshi zingakapheli amahora angu-24.
Ukuze silinganise ukubuyiswa kodaka lwe-shale, saluhlunga ngesihenqo esicolekile (ama-mesh angu-40), sabe sesilugeza kahle ngamanzi, sagcina silomise kuhhavini. Le nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi isivumela ukuthi silinganise udaka olutholiwe uma luqhathaniswa nesisindo sokuqala, ekugcineni sibala iphesenti lodaka lwe-shale olutholiwe ngempumelelo. Umthombo wamasampula e-shale uvela eNiah District, eMiri District, eSarawak, eMalaysia. Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kokuhlakazeka nokubuyiselwa, amasampula e-shale ahlolwe ngokucophelela nge-X-ray diffraction (XRD) ukuze kulinganiswe ukwakheka kwawo kobumba futhi kuqinisekiswe ukufaneleka kwawo ukuhlolwa. Ukwakheka kwamaminerali obumba kwesampula kungokulandelayo: illite 18%, kaolinite 31%, chlorite 22%, vermiculite 10%, kanye ne-mica 19%.
Ukuqina kobuso kuyisici esibalulekile esilawula ukungena kwama-cation amanzi kuma-shale micropores ngesenzo se-capillary, okuzofundwa ngokuningiliziwe kulesi sigaba. Leli phepha lihlola indima yokuqina kobuso endaweni ehambisanayo yoketshezi lokubhoboza, liqokomisa ithonya lalo elibalulekile enkambisweni yokubhoboza, ikakhulukazi ukuvimbela i-shale. Sisebenzise i-interfacial tensiometer (IFT700) ukukala ngokunembile ukuqina kobuso bamasampula oketshezi lokubhoboza, kwembula isici esibalulekile sokuziphatha koketshezi kumongo wokuvimbela i-shale.
Lesi sigaba sixoxa ngokuningiliziwe ngesikhala se-d-layer, okuyibanga eliphakathi kwezendlalelo ze-aluminosilicate kanye nesendlalelo esisodwa se-aluminosilicate kubumba. Ukuhlaziywa kwahlanganisa amasampula odaka olumanzi aqukethe i-1%, 3% kanye ne-5% CA NADES, kanye ne-3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl kanye ne-3% CC:urea based DES ukuze kuqhathaniswe. I-benchtop X-ray diffractometer (D2 Phaser) yesimanje esebenza ku-40 mA kanye ne-45 kV enemisebe ye-Cu-Kα (λ = 1.54059 Å) idlale indima ebalulekile ekuqopheni iziqongo ze-X-ray diffraction zamasampula e-Na-Bt amanzi kanye nawomile. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Bragg equation kwenza kube lula ukunqunywa okunembile kwesikhala se-d-layer, ngaleyo ndlela kuhlinzekwe ngolwazi olubalulekile mayelana nokuziphatha kobumba.
Lesi sigaba sisebenzisa ithuluzi elithuthukisiwe le-Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZSP ukukala ngokunembile amandla e-zeta. Lokhu kuhlola kunikeze ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nezici zokushaja zamasampula odaka oluxubile aqukethe i-1%, 3%, kanye ne-5% CA NADES, kanye ne-3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl, kanye ne-3% CC:urea-based DES ukuze kuhlaziywe ngokuqhathanisa. Le miphumela inegalelo ekuqondeni kwethu ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali e-colloidal kanye nokusebenzisana kwawo koketshezi.
Amasampula obumba ahlolwe ngaphambi nangemva kokuchayeka ku-natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) kusetshenziswa i-Zeiss Supra 55 VP field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) efakwe i-energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Isixazululo sokuthwebula izithombe sasingu-500 nm kanti amandla okukhanya kwe-electron ayengu-30 kV kanye no-50 kV. I-FESEM inikeza umbono ocacile wesimo sobuso kanye nezici zesakhiwo samasampula obumba. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuthola ulwazi mayelana nomphumela we-NADES kumasampula obumba ngokuqhathanisa izithombe ezitholwe ngaphambi nangemva kokuchayeka.
Kulolu cwaningo, ubuchwepheshe be-field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) busetshenziswe ukuphenya umphumela we-NADES kumasampula obumba ezingeni le-microscope. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukucacisa ukusetshenziswa okungenzeka kwe-NADES kanye nomthelela wayo ekubunjweni kobumba kanye nosayizi wezinhlayiya ezimaphakathi, okuzohlinzeka ngolwazi olubalulekile locwaningo kulo mkhakha.
Kulesi sifundo, imigoqo yamaphutha isetshenziswe ukuchaza ngokubonakalayo ukuguquguquka nokungaqiniseki kwephutha eliphakathi kwamaphesenti (i-AMPE) kuzo zonke izimo zokuhlola. Esikhundleni sokuhlela amanani e-AMPE ngamanye (njengoba ukuhlela amanani e-AMPE kungafihla izitayela futhi kugqamise ukuhlukahluka okuncane), sibala imigoqo yamaphutha sisebenzisa umthetho we-5%. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuthi ibha ngayinye yamaphutha imelela isikhathi lapho isikhawu sokuqiniseka esingu-95% kanye namanani e-AMPE angu-100% kulindeleke ukuthi sehle khona, ngaleyo ndlela kuhlinzeke ngesifinyezo esicacile nesifushane sokusatshalaliswa kwedatha kwesimo ngasinye sokuhlola. Ukusebenzisa imigoqo yamaphutha ngokusekelwe emthethweni we-5% ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukisa ukuhunyushwa nokuthembeka kwezethulo zezithombe futhi kusiza ukunikeza ukuqonda okuningiliziwe kwemiphumela kanye nemiphumela yayo.
Ekuhlanganisweni kwe-natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), imingcele eminingana ebalulekile yafundwa ngokucophelela ngesikhathi senqubo yokulungiselela ngaphakathi endlini. Lezi zici ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi izinga lokushisa, isilinganiso se-molar, kanye nesivinini sokuxuba. Ukuhlolwa kwethu kubonisa ukuthi lapho i-HBA (i-citric acid) kanye ne-HBD (glycerol) kuhlanganiswa ngesilinganiso se-molar esingu-1:4 ku-50°C, kwakheka ingxube ye-eutectic. Isici esihlukanisayo sengxube ye-eutectic ukubonakala kwayo okusobala, okufanayo, kanye nokungabikho kwenhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, lesi sinyathelo esibalulekile siqokomisa ukubaluleka kwesilinganiso se-molar, izinga lokushisa, kanye nesivinini sokuxuba, phakathi kwazo isilinganiso se-molar sasiyisici esithonya kakhulu ekulungiseleleni i-DES ne-NADES, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2.
Inkomba yokukhanya (n) iveza isilinganiso sejubane lokukhanya endaweni engenalutho nesivinini sokukhanya endaweni yesibili, exinene kakhulu. Inkomba yokukhanya ithakazelisa kakhulu izinyibilikisi zemvelo ezijulile ze-eutectic (NADES) lapho kucatshangelwa ukusetshenziswa okuzwela ukukhanya njenge-biosensors. Inkomba yokukhanya ye-NADES efundwe ku-25 °C yayingu-1.452, okuphansi ngokuthakazelisayo kuneye-glycerol.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi inkomba yokukhanya kwe-NADES iyancipha ngokushisa, futhi lo mkhuba ungachazwa ngokunembile ngefomula (1) kanye neSithombe 3, lapho iphutha eliphelele lephesenti eliphakathi (i-AMPE) lifinyelela ku-0%. Lokhu kuziphatha okuncike ekushiseni kuchazwa ukwehla kwe-viscosity kanye nobuningi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, okubangela ukukhanya ukuthi kuhambe phakathi nendawo ngesivinini esiphezulu, okuholela enanini eliphansi lenkomba yokukhanya (n). Le miphumela inikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngokusetshenziswa kwe-NADES ekuzweleni okubonakalayo, okugqamisa amandla ayo okusetshenziswa kwe-biosensor.
Ukucindezeleka kobuso, okubonisa ukuthambekela kobuso obumanzi ekunciphiseni indawo yabo, kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni ukufaneleka kwezixazululo zemvelo ezijulile ze-eutectic (NADES) zokusetshenziswa okusekelwe kungcindezi ye-capillary. Ucwaningo lokucindezeleka kobuso ebangeni lokushisa elingu-25–60 °C lunikeza ulwazi olubalulekile. Ku-25 °C, ukucindezeleka kobuso be-NADES esekelwe ku-citric acid kwakungu-55.42 mN/m, okuphansi kakhulu kunokwamanzi ne-glycerol. Isibalo 4 sibonisa ukuthi ukucindezeleka kobuso kwehla kakhulu ngokushisa okwandayo. Lesi simo singachazwa ngokwanda kwamandla e-kinetic yama-molecule kanye nokwehla okulandelayo kwamandla akhangayo aphakathi kwama-molecule.
Ukwehla okuqondile kokucindezeleka kobuso okubonwe kuma-NADES afundwe kungavezwa kahle nge-equation (2), ekhombisa ubudlelwano obuyisisekelo bezibalo ebangeni lokushisa elingu-25–60 °C. Igrafu kuMfanekiso 4 ikhombisa ngokusobala umkhuba wokucindezeleka kobuso nokushisa onephutha eliphakathi kwamaphesenti (i-AMPE) elingu-1.4%, elilinganisa ukunemba kwamanani okucindezeleka kobuso abikiwe. Le miphumela inemiphumela ebalulekile ekuqondeni ukuziphatha kwe-NADES kanye nezinhlelo zayo ezingaba khona.
Ukuqonda ukuguquguquka kobuningi be-natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) kubalulekile ukuze kube lula ukusetshenziswa kwazo ezifundweni eziningi zesayensi. Ubuningi be-NADES esekelwe ku-citric acid ku-25°C bungu-1.361 g/cm3, okuphakeme kunobuningi be-glycerol engumzali. Lo mehluko ungachazwa ngokungezwa kwe-hydrogen bond acceptor (i-citric acid) ku-glycerol.
Uma sithatha ama-NADES asekelwe ku-citrate njengesibonelo, ubuningi bawo behla bufike ku-1.19 g/cm3 ku-60°C. Ukwanda kwamandla e-kinetic lapho kushisa kubangela ukuthi ama-molecule e-NADES ahlakazeke, okubangela ukuthi athathe umthamo omkhulu, okuholela ekwehleni kobuningi. Ukwehla okubonakalayo kobuningi kukhombisa ukuhlangana okuthile okuqondile nokwanda kokushisa, okungavezwa kahle ngefomula (3). Isibalo 5 sibonisa ngokucacile lezi zici zokushintsha kobuningi be-NADES ngephutha eliphakathi eliphelele (i-AMPE) elingu-1.12%, elinikeza isilinganiso sobuningi sokunemba kwamanani obuningi abikiwe.
Ukuqina kwamandla okukhanga phakathi kwezingqimba ezahlukene zoketshezi oluhambayo futhi kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni ukusebenza kwezinyibilikisi zemvelo ezijulile ze-eutectic (i-NADES) ezisetshenziswayo ezahlukahlukene. Ku-25 °C, ukuqina kwe-NADES kwakungu-951 cP, okuphakeme kunokwe-glycerol.
Ukwehla okubonakalayo kwe-viscosity ngokushisa okwandayo kuchazwa kakhulu ubuthakathaka bamandla akhangayo aphakathi kwama-molecule. Lesi simo siphumela ekwehleni kwe-viscosity yoketshezi, okubonakala ngokucacile ku-Figure 6 futhi kwalinganiswa yi-Equation (4). Okuphawulekayo ukuthi, ku-60°C, i-viscosity yehla iye ku-898 cP ngephutha elijwayelekile lamaphesenti (AMPE) elingu-1.4%. Ukuqonda okuningiliziwe kokuncika kwe-viscosity uma kuqhathaniswa nokushisa ku-NADES kubaluleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwayo okusebenzayo.
I-pH yesisombululo, enqunywa yi-logarithm engemihle yokuhlushwa kwe-hydrogen ion, ibalulekile, ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni okuzwela i-pH njengokwenziwa kwe-DNA, ngakho-ke i-pH ye-NADES kumele ifundwe ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa. Uma kuthathwa i-NADES esekelwe ku-citric acid njengesibonelo, i-pH ene-acid engu-1.91 ingabonakala, ehluke kakhulu ku-pH engathathi hlangothi ye-glycerol.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, i-pH ye-natural citric acid dehydrogenase soluble solvent (NADES) ibonise umkhuba wokwehla ongewona oqondile ngokushisa okwandayo. Lesi simo sibangelwa ukwanda kokudlidliza kwama-molecule okuphazamisa ibhalansi ye-H+ esixazululweni, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwama-ion [H]+ futhi, ngokuzayo, ushintsho enanini le-pH. Ngenkathi i-pH yemvelo ye-citric acid isukela ku-3 kuya ku-5, ukuba khona kwe-hydrogen ene-acid ku-glycerol kunciphisa kakhulu i-pH ibe ngu-1.91.
Ukuziphatha kwe-pH kwama-NADES asekelwe ku-citrate ebangeni lokushisa elingu-25–60 °C kungamelwa ngokufanele yi-equation (5), enikeza ukubonakaliswa kwezibalo kwethrendi ye-pH ebonwe. Isibalo 7 sibonisa ngokugqamile lobu budlelwano obuthakazelisayo, sigqamisa umphumela wokushisa ku-pH yama-NADES, okubikwa ukuthi yi-1.4% ye-AMPE.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-thermogravimetric (TGA) ye-natural citric acid deep eutectic solvent (NADES) kwenziwa ngokuhlelekile ebangeni lokushisa kusukela ekushiseni kwegumbi kuya ku-500 °C. Njengoba kungabonakala kuZithombe 8a no-b, ukulahlekelwa kokuqala kwesisindo kufika ku-100 °C kwakubangelwa kakhulu amanzi aqunyiwe kanye namanzi ahambisana ne-citric acid kanye ne-glycerol emsulwa. Ukugcinwa okukhulu kwesisindo okungaba ngu-88% kwabonwa kufika ku-180 °C, okwakubangelwa kakhulu ukubola kwe-citric acid ibe yi-aconitic acid kanye nokwakheka okulandelayo kwe-methylmaleic anhydride(III) lapho kushiswa kakhulu (Isithombe 8 b). Ngaphezu kuka-180 °C, ukubonakala okucacile kwe-acrolein (acrylaldehyde) ku-glycerol nakho kungabonakala, njengoba kuboniswe kuZithombe 8b37.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-thermogravimetric (TGA) ye-glycerol kwembule inqubo yokulahlekelwa isisindo enezigaba ezimbili. Isigaba sokuqala (180 kuya ku-220 °C) sihilela ukwakheka kwe-acrolein, kulandelwe ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwesisindo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kusukela ku-230 kuya ku-300 °C (Isithombe 8a). Njengoba izinga lokushisa landa, i-acetaldehyde, i-carbon dioxide, i-methane, ne-hydrogen kwakheka ngokulandelana. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi yi-28% kuphela yesisindo esigcinwe ku-300 °C, okuphakamisa ukuthi izakhiwo zangaphakathi ze-NADES 8(a)38,39 zingase zibe nephutha.
Ukuze kutholakale ulwazi mayelana nokwakheka kwezibopho zamakhemikhali ezintsha, ukumiswa okusha okulungiselelwe kwezixazululo zemvelo ezijulile ze-eutectic (NADES) kwahlaziywa yi-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Ukuhlaziywa kwenziwe ngokuqhathanisa i-spectrum yokumiswa kwe-NADES ne-spectra ye-citric acid emsulwa (CA) kanye ne-glycerol (Gly). I-spectrum ye-CA ibonise iziqongo ezicacile ku-1752 1/cm kanye no-1673 1/cm, okumelela ukudlidliza okunwebekayo kwesibopho se-C=O futhi nakho kuyisici se-CA. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ushintsho olukhulu ekudlidlizeni kokugoba kwe-OH ku-1360 1/cm kwabonwa esifundeni seminwe, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 9.
Ngokufanayo, uma kwenzeka i-glycerol, ukushintshashintsha kokudlidliza kwe-OH nokugoba kutholakale kuma-wavenumber angu-3291 1/cm kanye no-1414 1/cm, ngokulandelana. Manje, ngokuhlaziya i-spectrum ye-NADES elungiselelwe, kutholakale ushintsho olukhulu ku-spectrum. Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 7, ukudlidliza kokugoba kwe-C=O bond kushintshe kusuka ku-1752 1/cm kuya ku-1720 1/cm kanye nokudlidliza kokugoba kwe--OH bond ye-glycerol kushintshe kusuka ku-1414 1/cm kuya ku-1359 1/cm. Lokhu kushintsha kwama-wavenumber kubonisa ushintsho ku-electronegativity, okubonisa ukwakheka kwama-chemical bond amasha esakhiweni se-NADES.