Izimboni zikasimende ezifana nalezi eziboniswe lapha ziwumthombo omkhulu we-carbon dioxide efudumeza isimo sezulu. Kodwa ezinye zalezi zinto ezingcolisayo zingaguqulwa zibe uhlobo olusha lukaphethiloli. Losawoti ungagcinwa ngokuphephile amashumi eminyaka noma ngaphezulu.
Lena enye indaba ochungechungeni olubheka ubuchwepheshe obusha nezenzo ezinganciphisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, zinciphise imiphumela yaso, noma zisize imiphakathi ukuthi ibhekane nomhlaba oshintsha ngokushesha.
Imisebenzi ekhipha i-carbon dioxide (CO2), igesi evamile yokushisa, inegalelo ekufudumaleni komkhathi woMhlaba. Umqondo wokukhipha i-CO2 emoyeni nokuyigcina awumusha. Kodwa kunzima ukukwenza, ikakhulukazi uma abantu bekwazi ukuyikhokhela. Uhlelo olusha luxazulula inkinga yokungcola kwe-CO2 ngendlela ehlukile kancane. Luguqula ngamakhemikhali igesi efudumeza isimo sezulu ibe uphethiloli.
Ngomhlaka-15 Novemba, abacwaningi baseMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) eCambridge bashicilele imiphumela yabo ephawulekayo ephephabhukwini i-Cell Reports Physical Science.
Uhlelo lwabo olusha luhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili. Ingxenye yokuqala ihilela ukuguqula i-carbon dioxide emoyeni ibe yi-molecule ebizwa ngokuthi i-formate ukuze ikhiqize uphethiloli. Njenge-carbon dioxide, i-formate iqukethe i-athomu eyodwa yekhabhoni nama-athomu amabili e-oxygen, kanye ne-athomu eyodwa ye-hydrogen. I-Formate iqukethe nezinye izakhi eziningana. Ucwaningo olusha lusebenzise usawoti we-formate, otholakala ku-sodium noma i-potassium.
Amaseli amaningi kaphethiloli asebenza nge-hydrogen, igesi evuthayo edinga amapayipi namathangi acindezelwe ukuze athuthwe. Kodwa-ke, amaseli kaphethiloli angasebenza futhi nge-formate. I-Formate inokuqukethwe kwamandla okufana ne-hydrogen, ngokusho kukaLi Ju, usosayensi wezinto zokwakha owahola ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo olusha. I-Formate inezinzuzo ezithile kune-hydrogen, kusho uLi Ju. Iphephile futhi ayidingi indawo yokugcina umfutho ophezulu.
Abacwaningi e-MIT bakha iseli likaphethiloli ukuze bahlole i-formate, abayikhiqiza nge-carbon dioxide. Okokuqala, baxuba usawoti namanzi. Ingxube yabe isifakwa kuseli likaphethiloli. Ngaphakathi kweseli likaphethiloli, i-formate yakhipha ama-electron ngendlela yokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Lawa ma-electron ageleza esuka ku-electrode engemihle yeseli likaphethiloli aye ku-electrode engemihle, eqedela isekethe kagesi. Lawa ma-electron agelezayo—ugesi wamanje—abekhona amahora angama-200 ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa.
UZhen Zhang, usosayensi wezinto zokwakha osebenza noLi e-MIT, unethemba lokuthi ithimba lakhe lizokwazi ukukhulisa ubuchwepheshe obusha phakathi neminyaka eyishumi.
Ithimba locwaningo lwe-MIT lisebenzise indlela yamakhemikhali ukuguqula i-carbon dioxide ibe yisithako esibalulekile sokukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli. Okokuqala, bayibeka esixazululweni esine-alkaline kakhulu. Bakhethe i-sodium hydroxide (NaOH), eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi i-lye. Lokhu kubangela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okukhiqiza i-sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi i-baking soda.
Base bevula ugesi. Ugesi wamandla waqala ukusabela okusha kwamakhemikhali okwahlukanisa yonke i-athomu ye-oxygen ku-molecule ye-baking soda, kwashiya i-sodium formate (NaCHO2). Uhlelo lwabo lwaguqula cishe yonke ikhabhoni ku-CO2 — ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-96 — yaba yilolu sawoti.
Amandla adingekayo ukususa umoya-mpilo agcinwa ezibophweni zamakhemikhali ze-formate. USolwazi Li waphawula ukuthi i-formate ingagcina la mandla amashumi eminyaka ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla angaba khona. Bese ikhiqiza ugesi uma idlula kuseli likaphethiloli. Uma ugesi osetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-formate uvela emandleni elanga, omoya noma kagesi wamanzi, ugesi okhiqizwa yiseli likaphethiloli uzoba umthombo wamandla ohlanzekile.
Ukuze kwandiswe ubuchwepheshe obusha, uLee uthe, “sidinga ukuthola izinsiza ezicebile ze-lye.” Wafunda uhlobo lwedwala olubizwa ngokuthi i-alkali basalt (AL-kuh-lye buh-SALT). Uma luxutshwa namanzi, la matshe aphenduka i-lye.
UFarzan Kazemifar ungunjiniyela eSan Jose State University eCalifornia. Ucwaningo lwakhe lugxile ekugcineni i-carbon dioxide ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba ezinosawoti. Ukususa i-carbon dioxide emoyeni bekulokhu kunzima futhi ngakho-ke kubiza kakhulu, usho kanje. Ngakho-ke kunenzuzo ukuguqula i-CO2 ibe yimikhiqizo esebenzisekayo njenge-formate. Izindleko zomkhiqizo zinganciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza.
Kuye kwaba nocwaningo oluningi mayelana nokubamba i-carbon dioxide emoyeni. Isibonelo, ithimba lososayensi e-Lehigh University muva nje lichaze enye indlela yokuhlunga i-carbon dioxide emoyeni bese liyiguqula ibe yi-baking soda. Amanye amaqembu ocwaningo agcina i-CO2 emadwaleni akhethekile, ayiguqula ibe yi-carbon eqinile engacutshungulwa ibe yi-ethanol, uphethiloli wotshwala. Iningi lala maphrojekthi amancane futhi awakabi nomthelela omkhulu ekunciphiseni amazinga aphezulu e-carbon dioxide emoyeni.
Lesi sithombe sibonisa indlu egijima ku-carbon dioxide. Idivayisi eboniswe lapha iguqula i-carbon dioxide (ama-molecule asemaqabungeni abomvu namhlophe) ibe usawoti obizwa ngokuthi i-formate (amaqabungeni aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, abomvu, amhlophe, namnyama). Losawoti ungasetshenziswa kuseli likaphethiloli ukukhiqiza ugesi.
UKazemifar uthe inketho yethu engcono kakhulu “ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kuqala.” Enye indlela yokwenza lokho ukufaka esikhundleni samafutha asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezidala ukungcola ngemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo njengomoya noma ilanga. Lokhu kuyingxenye yenguquko ososayensi abayibiza ngokuthi “ukususwa kwegesi ebanga ukungcola.” Kodwa wanezela ngokuthi ukuvimba ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuzodinga indlela enezici eziningi. Lobu buchwepheshe obusha buyadingeka ukuze kubanjwe ikhabhoni ezindaweni okunzima ukuzisusa ekukhiqizeni ikhabhoni, esho. Thatha izigayo zensimbi nezimboni zesimende, ukuze usho izibonelo ezimbili.
Ithimba le-MIT liphinde libone izinzuzo zokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe balo obusha namandla elanga nawomoya. Amabhethri endabuko aklanyelwe ukugcina amandla amasonto amaningi ngesikhathi. Ukugcina ukukhanya kwelanga ehlobo ebusika noma isikhathi eside kudinga indlela ehlukile. “Ngophethiloli we-formate,” kusho uLee, awusakhawulelwe ngisho nasekugcinweni kwesizini. “Kungaba okwesizukulwane.”
Kungase kungakhazimli njengegolide, kodwa “Ngingashiya amathani angu-200… e-formate emadodaneni namadodakazi ami,” kusho uLee, “njengefa.”
I-Alkaline: Isichasiso esichaza into yamakhemikhali eyakha ama-ion e-hydroxide (OH-) esixazululweni. Lezi zixazululo zibizwa nangokuthi i-alkaline (ngokungafani ne-acidic) futhi zine-pH engaphezu kuka-7.
I-Aquifer: Ukwakheka kwedwala okukwazi ukugcina amachibi amanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Leli gama lisebenza nasezitsheni ezingaphansi komhlaba.
I-Basalt: Idwala elimnyama lentaba-mlilo elivame ukuba likhulu kakhulu (ngaphandle kokuthi ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kushiye inqwaba yegesi kulo).
isibopho: (kumakhemikhali) ukuxhumana okungapheli phakathi kwama-athomu (noma amaqembu ama-athomu) ku-molecule. Kwakhiwa ngamandla akhangayo phakathi kwama-athomu ahlanganyelayo. Uma izibopho sezakhiwe, ama-athomu asebenza njengeyunithi. Ukuze ahlukanise ama-athomu ayingxenye, amandla ngesimo sokushisa noma eminye imisebe kumele anikezwe ama-molecule.
Ikhabhoni: I-chemical element eyisisekelo esingokwenyama sayo yonke impilo eMhlabeni. Ikhabhoni ikhona ngokukhululekile ngesimo se-graphite nedayimane. Iyingxenye ebalulekile yamalahle, i-limestone, kanye ne-petroleum, futhi iyakwazi ukuzihlanganisa ngamakhemikhali ukuze yakhe izinhlobo eziningi zama-molecule anenani lamakhemikhali, lezinto eziphilayo, nelezentengiselwano. (Ocwaningweni lwesimo sezulu) Igama elithi ikhabhoni ngezinye izikhathi lisetshenziswa cishe ngokushintshana ne-carbon dioxide ukubhekisela emthonjeni ongaba khona isenzo, umkhiqizo, inqubomgomo, noma inqubo engaba nawo ekufudumaleni kwesikhathi eside komkhathi.
I-Carbon dioxide: (noma i-CO2) iyigesi engenambala, engenaphunga ekhiqizwa yizo zonke izilwane lapho umoya-mpilo eziwuphefumulayo uhlangana nokudla okune-carbon eningi ezikudlayo. I-Carbon dioxide nayo ikhishwa lapho kushiswa izinto eziphilayo, okuhlanganisa namafutha angaphansi komhlaba afana namafutha noma igesi yemvelo. I-Carbon dioxide iyigesi ebamba ukushisa emkhathini woMhlaba. Izitshalo ziguqula i-carbon dioxide ibe umoya-mpilo nge-photosynthesis futhi zisebenzisa le nqubo ukwenza ukudla kwazo.
Usimende: Isihlanganisi esisetshenziselwa ukubamba izinto ezimbili ndawonye, ​​okubangela ukuba ziqine zibe yinto eqinile, noma inhlaka ejiyile esetshenziswa ukubamba izinto ezimbili ndawonye. (Ukwakhiwa) Izinto ezigayiwe kahle ezisetshenziselwa ukubopha isihlabathi noma idwala elichotshoziwe ndawonye ukuze kwakhiwe ukhonkolo. Usimende uvame ukwenziwa ube yimpuphu. Kodwa uma usumanzi, uphenduka udaka oluqinile lapho loma.
Ikhemikhali: Into eyenziwe ngama-athomu amabili noma ngaphezulu ahlanganisiwe (ahlanganiswe) ngesilinganiso nesakhiwo esinqunyiwe. Isibonelo, amanzi ayinto yamakhemikhali eyenziwe ngama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen ahlanganiswe ne-athomu eyodwa ye-oxygen. Ifomula yawo yamakhemikhali yi-H2O. Igama elithi “Chemical” lingasetshenziswa futhi njengesichasiso ukuchaza izakhiwo zento ebangelwa ukusabela okuhlukahlukene phakathi kwamakhemikhali ahlukene.
Isibopho samakhemikhali: Amandla okukhanga phakathi kwama-athomu anamandla anele okwenza izakhi ezihlanganisiwe zisebenze njengeyunithi. Ezinye izinto ezikhangayo zibuthakathaka, ezinye ziqinile. Zonke izibopho zibonakala zixhumanisa ama-athomu ngokwabelana (noma ukuzama ukwabelana) ngama-electron.
Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali: Inqubo ehilela ukuhlelwa kabusha kwama-molecule noma izakhiwo zento ethile kunokushintsha isimo somzimba (isb., kusukela kokuqinile kuya kugesi).
Ikhemistri: igatsha lesayensi elifunda ukwakheka, isakhiwo, izakhiwo, kanye nokusebenzisana kwezinto. Ososayensi basebenzisa lolu lwazi ukutadisha izinto ezingajwayelekile, ukukhiqiza kabusha izinto eziwusizo ngobuningi, noma ukuklama nokudala izinto ezintsha eziwusizo. (zamakhemikhali) Ikhemistri ibhekisela futhi efomini yekhemistri, indlela elungiswa ngayo, noma ezinye zezakhiwo zayo. Abantu abasebenza kulo mkhakha babizwa ngokuthi osokhemisi. (kwezesayensi yezenhlalo) ikhono labantu lokubambisana, ukuzwana, nokujabulela ukuba nomunye nomunye.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu: Ushintsho olukhulu, lwesikhathi eside esimweni sezulu soMhlaba. Lokhu kungenzeka ngokwemvelo noma ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu, okuhlanganisa ukushisa amafutha kanye nokugawula amahlathi.
Ukususa i-carbonization: kubhekisela ekuguqukeni ngamabomu kusuka kubuchwepheshe obungcolisayo, imisebenzi, kanye nemithombo yamandla ekhipha amagesi okushisa asekelwe ku-carbon, njenge-carbon dioxide ne-methane, emkhathini. Umgomo ukunciphisa inani lamagesi e-carbon anegalelo ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu.
Ugesi: Ukugeleza kweshaja kagesi, ngokuvamile okubangelwa ukunyakaza kwezinhlayiya ezishaja kabi ezibizwa ngama-electron.
I-electron: inhlayiya eshajeke kabi evame ukuzungeza indawo engaphandle ye-athomu; futhi iyisithwali sikagesi ezintweni eziqinile.
Unjiniyela: Umuntu osebenzisa isayensi nezibalo ukuxazulula izinkinga. Uma lisetshenziswa njengesenzo, igama elithi unjiniyela libhekisela ekuklameni idivayisi, izinto, noma inqubo yokuxazulula inkinga noma isidingo esingakahlangatshezwa.
I-Ethanol: Utshwala, obubizwa nangokuthi i-ethyl alcohol, obuyisisekelo seziphuzo ezidakayo ezifana nobhiya, iwayini, kanye notshwala. Busetshenziswa futhi njengesinyibilikisi kanye nophethiloli (isibonelo, ngokuvamile buxutshwe nophethiloli).
Isihlungi: (n.) Into evumela ezinye izinto ukuthi zidlule kanti ezinye zidlule, kuye ngobukhulu bazo noma ezinye izici. (v.) Inqubo yokukhetha izinto ezithile ngokusekelwe ezimpahleni ezifana nosayizi, ubuningi, ukushaja, njll. (ku-physics) Isikrini, ipuleti, noma ungqimba lwento emunca ukukhanya noma eminye imisebe noma evimbela ngokukhetha ezinye zezingxenye zayo ukuthi zidlule.
I-Formate: Igama elijwayelekile lama-salts noma ama-ester e-formic acid, uhlobo lwe-oxidized lwe-fatty acid. (I-ester iyinhlanganisela esekelwe ku-carbon eyakhiwe ngokufaka esikhundleni sama-athomu e-hydrogen ama-acid athile ngezinhlobo ezithile zamaqembu e-organic. Amafutha amaningi namafutha abalulekile angama-ester avela ngokwemvelo ama-fatty acid.)
Uphethiloli wezinsalela: Noma yiluphi uphethiloli, njengamalahle, uphethiloli (uwoyela ongahluziwe), noma igesi yemvelo, eyakhiwa eminyakeni eyizigidi ngaphakathi koMhlaba kusukela ezinsaleleni ezibolayo zamabhaktheriya, izitshalo, noma izilwane.
Uphethiloli: Noma iyiphi into ekhipha amandla ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali noma kwenyukliya okulawulwayo. Uphethiloli wezinsalela (amalahle, igesi yemvelo, kanye namafutha) uphethiloli ovamile okhipha amandla ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali lapho kushiswa (ngokuvamile kuze kufike ezingeni lokusha).
Iseli likaphethiloli: Idivayisi eguqula amandla amakhemikhali abe amandla kagesi. Uphethiloli ovame kakhulu yi-hydrogen, okuwukuphela komkhiqizo ophumayo okuwumhwamuko wamanzi.
I-Geology: Isichasiso esichaza konke okuhlobene nesakhiwo somzimba soMhlaba, izinto zawo, umlando, kanye nezinqubo ezenzeka kuwo. Abantu abasebenza kulo mkhakha babizwa ngokuthi izazi ze-geology.
Ukufudumala komhlaba: Ukwanda kancane kancane kwezinga lokushisa lomhlaba wonke ngenxa yomphumela wokushisa. Lo mphumela ubangelwa amazinga akhulayo e-carbon dioxide, ama-chlorofluorocarbon, kanye namanye amagesi emoyeni, amaningi awo akhishwa yimisebenzi yabantu.
I-hydrogen: Isici esilula kunazo zonke endaweni yonke. Njengegesi, ayinambala, ayinaphunga, futhi iyasha kakhulu. Iyingxenye yamafutha amaningi, amafutha, kanye namakhemikhali akha izicubu eziphilayo. Yakhiwa i-proton (i-nucleus) kanye ne-electron eyizungezayo.
Ukusungula izinto ezintsha: (v. ukusungula izinto ezintsha; isichasiso sokusungula izinto ezintsha) Ukulungiswa noma ukuthuthukiswa komqondo, inqubo, noma umkhiqizo okhona ukuze uwenze ube musha, uhlakaniphe, usebenze kahle, noma ube wusizo kakhudlwana.
I-Lye: Igama elijwayelekile lesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide (NaOH). I-Lye ivame ukuhlanganiswa namafutha emifino noma amafutha ezilwane nezinye izithako ukwenza insipho yebha.
Usosayensi wezinto zokwakha: Umcwaningi ofunda ubudlelwano phakathi kwesakhiwo se-athomu nesamangqamuzana sento kanye nezakhiwo zayo zizonke. Ososayensi bezinto zokwakha bangakha izinto ezintsha noma bahlaziye ezikhona. Ukuhlaziya izakhiwo zizonke zento, njengobuningi, amandla, kanye nendawo yokuncibilika, kungasiza onjiniyela nabanye abacwaningi ukuthi bakhethe izinto ezinhle kakhulu zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha.
I-Molecule: Iqembu lama-athomu angathathi hlangothi kagesi amelela inani elincane kakhulu le-chemical compound. Ama-molecule angakhiwa uhlobo olulodwa lwe-athomu noma izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-athomu. Isibonelo, umoya-mpilo osemoyeni wakhiwa ama-athomu amabili e-oxygen (O2), kanti amanzi akhiwa ama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen kanye ne-athomu elilodwa le-oxygen (H2O).
Ukungcola: Into engcolisa into ethile, njengomoya, amanzi, abantu, noma ukudla. Ezinye izinto ezingcolisa zingamakhemikhali, njengezibulala-zinambuzane. Ezinye izinto ezingcolisa zingaba imisebe, okuhlanganisa ukushisa noma ukukhanya okukhulu. Ngisho nokhula nezinye izinhlobo ezihlaselayo zingabhekwa njengohlobo lwe-biofouling.
Amandla: Isichasiso esibhekisela entweni enamandla kakhulu noma enamandla (njengegciwane, ubuthi, umuthi, noma i-asidi).
Okuvuselelwayo: Isichasiso esibhekisela emthonjeni ongashintshwa unomphela (njengamanzi, izitshalo eziluhlaza, ukukhanya kwelanga, nomoya). Lokhu kuyahluka emithonjeni engavuselelwayo, enokunikezwa okulinganiselwe futhi engaphela ngempumelelo. Imithombo engavuselelwayo ifaka uwoyela (nezinye izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi) noma izakhi namaminerali angavamile.