Le webhusayithi isebenzisa amakhukhi ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lwakho lomsebenzisi. Ngokuqhubeka nokusebenzisa le webhusayithi, uyavumelana nenqubomgomo yethu yamakhukhi.
Uma unenombolo yobulungu be-ACS, sicela uyifake lapha ukuze sikwazi ukuxhumanisa le akhawunti nobulungu bakho. (Ongakukhetha)
I-ACS iyazisa ubumfihlo bakho. Ngokuthumela ulwazi lwakho, ungavakashela i-C&EN bese ubhalisela izindaba zethu zamasonto onke. Sisebenzisa ulwazi olunikezayo ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lwakho lokufunda, futhi asisoze sathengisa idatha yakho kumalungu eqembu lesithathu.
Ngo-2005, inkampani enkulu yezimpahla zabathengi iColgate-Palmolive yashiya ibhizinisi lokuhlanza izingubo laseNyakatho Melika ngokuthengisa imikhiqizo efana neFab neDynamo kwaPhoenix Brands. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, enye inkampani enkulu yezimpahla zabathengi, i-Unilever, yathengisa umkhiqizo wayo waseMelika wokuhlanza izingubo okuhlanganisa i-All kanye ne-Wisk kwaSun Products.
Ukuthengiswa kwebhizinisi layo ezinkampanini ezimbili ezincane ezizimele kwenze imakethe ye-P&G esezingeni eliphezulu emshinini wokuwasha izingubo wase-US yaba cishe ngaphandle kwempikiswano. Ngokuthakazelisayo, i-Procter & Gamble ayizange imemezele ukuthi inqobile.
Ngempela, ngo-2014, u-Alan G. Lafley, owayengu-CEO we-Procter & Gamble (P&G), wazisola ngokuhoxa kwe-Unilever. Uthe lokhu kwanqoba imakethe ephakathi yemakethe yezinsipho, okwenza imikhiqizo ye-P&G igxile kakhulu emakethe yezinga eliphezulu, ngenkathi inikeza imikhiqizo yezinga eliphansi nabancintisani abathathu. I-Procter & Gamble ingumthengisi wemikhiqizo eyaziwayo njenge-Tide and Gain. Ihlanganisa cishe u-60% webhizinisi lezinsipho zokuhlanza izingubo lase-US, kodwa leli ibhizinisi elingasebenzi kahle, futhi kukhona igebe elikhulu lamanani phakathi kwemikhiqizo yenkampani kanye nabancintisani bayo.
Ngemva konyaka, omunye wabancintisana nabo, inkampani yaseJalimane iHenkel, washintsha izinto. Le nkampani yethula i-Persil yayo yokuhlanza yaseYurophu esezingeni eliphezulu e-United States, yaqala ukuthengiswa kuphela nge-Wal-Mart, yabe isithunyelwa ezitolo ezifana ne-Target. Ngo-2016, i-Henkel yadida izinto kakhulu ngokuthenga i-Sun Products.
Ukwethulwa kwePersil kuvuselele ibhizinisi lokugeza izingubo, kodwa kungase kusheshe kunalokho uLafley ayekulindele. NgoMeyi odlule, lapho umagazini i-“Consumer Report” uqamba omunye wemikhiqizo emisha kaHenkel, iPersil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, insipho yokugeza yaseMelika esebenza kahle kakhulu, yena nabanye abaphathi be-P&G kumele bashaqeke. Umcimbi wokugcotshwa kweTide wabeka iTide endaweni yesibili okokuqala eminyakeni eminingi.
I-Procter & Gamble (Chastened), i-Procter & Gamble (P&G) yakha kabusha umkhiqizo wayo wokuqala odumile i-Tide Ultra Stain Release ngo-2016. Le nkampani ithe yengeze ama-surfactant futhi yasusa amanzi athile, okwaholela ekutheni kube nefomula eqinile neqinile engathuthukisa ukususwa kwamabala. Umagazini uthe umkhiqizo uphezulu ohlwini ekuhlaziyweni okulandelayo kwe-Consumer Reports, yize kungabalulekile ngokwezibalo.
I-Consumer Reports muva nje ibhale i-Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent kanye ne-Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 njengezinsipho ezimbili ezinhle kakhulu zokuhlanza izingubo e-United States. I-C&EN izohlola izithako ezibangela lesi simo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo kanye nabakhiqizi.
I-Consumer Reports muva nje ibhale i-Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent kanye ne-Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 njengezinsipho ezimbili ezinhle kakhulu zokuhlanza izingubo e-United States. I-C&EN izohlola izithako ezibangela lesi simo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo kanye nabakhiqizi.
Kusesekuseni kakhulu ukusho ukuthi uHenkel uzophonsela inselelo ngempela yini i-P&G kubathengi baseMelika abathenga insipho yokuwasha izingubo esezingeni eliphezulu. Kodwa uma osokhemisi be-P&G bezizwa benganelisekile ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuncintisana, bazosuswa nakanjani.
UShoaib Arif, umphathi wezinsizakalo zokusebenza kanye nobuchwepheshe kwa-Surfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical, uchaze ukuthi e-United States, i-Tide kanye ne-Persil ziyimikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu yebhizinisi futhi ingahlukaniswa ngamazinga amane okusebenza. Eminyakeni edlule, i-Arif kanye nabanye ososayensi be-Pilot basize izinkampani eziningi zempahla yasendlini ukuthi zenze insipho entsha kanye neminye imikhiqizo yokuhlanza.
Emakethe esezingeni eliphansi, iyinsipho yokuwasha engabizi kakhulu. Ngokusho kuka-Arif, ingaba ne-surfactant eshibhile kuphela, njenge-linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) kanye nokunambitheka nemibala. Isigaba esilandelayo somkhiqizo singangeza izithasiselo noma izakhi ze-surfactant, njenge-sodium citrate, i-tackifier kanye ne-surfactant yesibili.
I-LABS iyi-anionic surfactant, ekwazi kahle ukususa izinhlayiya ezindwangu futhi isebenza kahle endwangu kakotini. I-surfactant yesibili evamile yi-ethanol ethoxylate, i-surfactant engeyona i-ionic, esebenza kangcono kune-LABS, ikakhulukazi ekususeni amafutha nokungcola ezintanjeni zokwenziwa.
Esigabeni sesithathu, ama-formulator angase engeze ama-optical brighteners ngentengo ephansi kancane. Lawa ma-optical brighteners amunca ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet futhi akukhiphe endaweni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuze enze izingubo zibonakale zikhanya kakhulu. Ama-surfactant angcono, ama-chelating agents, amanye ama-builders kanye nama-polymers alwa nokuguqulwa kwesimo avame ukutholakala kulezo zindlela, ezingabamba ukungcola emanzini okugeza ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuthi kungaphinde kufakwe endwangu.
Izinsipho ezibiza kakhulu zibonakala ngomthwalo ophezulu we-surfactant kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziningi ze-surfactants, njenge-alcohol sulfates, i-alcohol ethoxy sulfates, ama-amine oxides, insipho ye-fatty acid kanye nama-cations. Ama-polymers atholakala enhlabathini angavamile (amanye aklanyelwe izinkampani ezifana ne-Procter & Gamble kanye ne-Henkel) kanye nama-enzyme nawo awela kulesi sigaba.
Kodwa-ke, u-Arif uxwayisa ngokuthi ukuqongelela izithako kuletha izinselele zako. Ngezinga elithile, ukwakheka kwensipho kuyisayensi, futhi osokhemisi bayazi ikhwalithi yezingxenye zamakhemikhali, njengomsebenzi wangaphezulu wama-surfactants.
Wachaza: “Kodwa-ke, uma ifomula isithuthukisiwe, zonke lezi zinto zizothintana, futhi awukwazi ukubikezela ngqo ukuthi ifomula yokugcina izokwenzani.” “Kusadingeka uhlole ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iyasebenza empilweni yangempela.”
Isibonelo, ama-surfactants kanye nabakhi bangavimbela umsebenzi wama-enzyme, kusho u-Arif. Ama-detergent formulators angasebenzisa ama-enzyme stabilizers (njenge-sodium borate kanye ne-calcium formate) ukuxazulula le nkinga.
UFranco Pala, usosayensi oyinhloko wocwaningo lwe-Battelle's World Detergent Project, ukhombe ukuthi okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-surfactant okutholakala ezinhlotsheni zezinsipho zekhwalithi ephezulu nakho kungabangela izinkinga. “Akulula ukwengeza ama-surfactant amaningi kangaka ngenani eliphezulu kangaka,” kuchaza uPala. Ukuncibilika kuba yinkinga, futhi ukusebenzisana okubi phakathi kwama-surfactant nakho kuba yinkinga.
Uhlelo lwe-Battelle olunamakhasimende amaningi oluholwa yi-Pala lwaqala ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 ngokuhlaziya ukwakheka kwemikhiqizo emikhulu yokuhlanza yomhlaba wonke. I-Battelle isebenzisa uchungechunge lwezinsimbi zesayensi ukusiza abanikazi bemikhiqizo kanye nabaphakeli bezinto zokusetshenziswa ukuba badlule ohlwini lwezithako ukuze baqonde, isibonelo, izinga le-ethoxylation yama-surfactants noma ukuthi umgogodla we-surfactant uqondile noma unamagatsha.
UPara uthe namuhla, ama-polymer angumthombo obalulekile wokusungula izinto ezintsha ezithakweni zensipho. Isibonelo, kokubili imikhiqizo ye-Tide ne-Persil iqukethe i-polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, okuyi-polymer emunca ukungcola eyakhiwe yi-BASF ye-Procter & Gamble, kodwa manje isitholakala kabanzi kubakhiqizi bensipho.
UPala ukhombe ukuthi ama-copolymer e-terephthalic acid atholakala nakwezinye izihlanzi zekhwalithi ephezulu, ezizomboza indwangu ngesikhathi senqubo yokuwasha, okwenza kube lula ukususa amabala nokungcola ngesikhathi senqubo yokuwasha elandelayo. I-Battelle isebenzisa amathuluzi anjenge-gel permeation chromatography ukuhlukanisa ama-polymer bese isebenzisa i-infrared spectroscopy ukuthola isakhiwo sawo.
Uhlelo lweBattelle luphinde lunake kakhulu ama-enzyme, okuyimikhiqizo ye-biotech abakhiqizi abaqhubeka beyithuthukisa minyaka yonke. Ukuze bahlole umsebenzi we-enzyme, ithimba likaPala liveze i-enzyme ku-substrate equkethe i-chromophore. Lapho i-enzyme yonakalisa i-substrate, i-chromophore iyakhishwa futhi ilinganiswe nge-absorption noma i-fluorescence spectroscopy.
Ama-protease ahlasela amaprotheni ayengama-enzyme okuqala afakwa kuma-detergent ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960. Ama-enzyme akamuva afakwa ezikhalini zifaka phakathi i-amylase, ebolisa isitashi, kanye ne-mannanase, ebolisa izithambisi ze-guar gum. Lapho ukudla okuqukethe i-guar (njenge-ayisikhilimu kanye ne-barbecue sauce) kuchitheka ezingutsheni, i-chewing gum izohlala ezingutsheni ngisho nangemva kokuwasha. Ifakwa endwangu futhi isetshenziswa njengeglue yokungcola okusanhlamvu, okudala amabala okunzima ukuwasusa.
Zombili i-Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1 kanye ne-Tide Ultra Stain Release ziqukethe i-protease, i-amylase kanye ne-mannanase.
I-Persil iqukethe ne-lipase (engabolisa amafutha) kanye ne-cellulase (engahlanzwa ngokungaqondile ngokufaka i-hydrolyzing izibopho ezithile ze-glycosidic ku-fiber kakotini) ukuze kususwe ukungcola okunamathiselwe ku-fiber. I-Cellulase ingathambisa futhi ukotini futhi ithuthukise ukukhanya kombala wayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokusho kwemibhalo yelungelo lobunikazi, isici esiyingqayizivele se-tidal detergent yi-glucanase, engabolisa ama-polysaccharides angenakubola yi-amylase.
I-Novozymes ne-DuPont sekuyisikhathi eside zingabakhiqizi abakhulu bama-enzyme, kodwa i-BASF isanda kungena ebhizinisini ngesimo sama-protease. Engqungqutheleni Yemikhiqizo Yokuhlanza eyayibanjelwe eJalimane ekwindla edlule, i-BASF ikhuthaze ukuhlanganiswa kwe-protease yayo entsha kanye ne-polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, yathi le ngxube inikeza ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kumakhasimende afisa ukwenza insipho yokuwasha emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
Eqinisweni, u-Arif kanye nabanye abaqapheli bemakethe bathi ukuvumela abakhiqizi bezinsipho ukuba benze izithako ezidinga ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi noma ukuvikelwa kwemvelo emithonjeni yemvelo kuyindawo elandelayo embonini. NgoMeyi ngonyaka odlule, i-P&G yethule i-Tide Purclean, inguqulo yomkhiqizo wayo odumile, lapho u-65% wezithako zivela ezitshalweni. Kwabe sekuthi, ngo-Okthoba, i-Unilever yathenga i-Seventh Generation, umenzi wezinsipho zezitshalo neminye imikhiqizo yokuhlanza, ukuze iphinde ingene emakethe yezinsipho yase-US.
Nakuba ukuguqula izithako ezinhle kakhulu zibe izihlanzi eziwine imiklomelo kuhlale kuyinselele, “umkhuba wanamuhla ungokwemvelo kakhulu,” kusho u-Arif. “Amakhasimende ayabuza, 'Siyenza kanjani imikhiqizo yemvelo engenabungozi kubantu kanye nemvelo, kodwa esebenza kahle?'