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Ukunyakaza kwezitho nezicubu kungaholela emaphutheni ekubekweni kwe-X-ray ngesikhathi sokwelashwa ngemisebe. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezinezakhiwo zemishini neze-radiological ezilingana nezicubu ziyadingeka ukuze kulingiswe ukunyakaza kwezitho ukuze kwenziwe ngcono ukwelashwa ngemisebe. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezinjalo kusalokhu kuyinselele. Ama-hydrogel e-alginate anezakhiwo ezifana neze-extracellular matrix, okwenza athembeke njengezinto ezilingana nezicubu. Kulesi sifundo, ama-foam e-alginate hydrogel anezakhiwo zemishini neze-radiological ezifunwayo akhiqizwa yi-in situ Ca2+ release. Isilinganiso somoya-kuya-ivolumu salawulwa ngokucophelela ukuze kutholakale ama-foam e-hydrogel anezakhiwo zemishini neze-radiological ezichaziwe. I-macro- kanye ne-micromorphology yezinto zachazwa, futhi ukuziphatha kwama-foam e-hydrogel ngaphansi kokucindezelwa kwafundwa. Izakhiwo ze-radiological zalinganiselwa ngokwethiyori futhi zaqinisekiswa ngokuhlola kusetshenziswa i-computed tomography. Lolu cwaningo lukhanyisa ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi esizayo kwezinto ezilingana nezicubu ezingasetshenziswa ukwenza ngcono umthamo wemisebe kanye nokulawula ikhwalithi ngesikhathi sokwelashwa ngemisebe.
Ukwelashwa ngemisebe kuyindlela evamile yokwelapha umdlavuza1. Ukunyakaza kwezitho nezicubu kuvame ukuholela emaphutheni ekubekweni kwe-X-ray ngesikhathi sokwelashwa ngemisebe2, okungabangela ukungelashwa kahle kwesimila kanye nokuchayeka ngokweqile kwamaseli aphilile azungezile emisebeni engadingekile. Ikhono lokubikezela ukunyakaza kwezitho nezicubu libalulekile ekunciphiseni amaphutha okuthola indawo yesimila. Lolu cwaningo lugxile emaphashini, njengoba edlula ekuguquguqukeni okukhulu nasekunyakazeni lapho iziguli ziphefumula ngesikhathi sokwelashwa ngemisebe. Kuye kwathuthukiswa futhi kwasetshenziswa amamodeli ahlukahlukene ezinto ezilinganiselwe ukulingisa ukunyakaza kwamaphaphu omuntu3,4,5. Kodwa-ke, izitho nezicubu zomuntu zine-geometri eyinkimbinkimbi futhi zincike kakhulu esigulini. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezinezakhiwo ezilingana nezicubu ziwusizo kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni amamodeli angokwenyama ukuqinisekisa amamodeli emfundiso, ukwenza lula ukwelashwa okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nezinjongo zemfundo yezokwelapha.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezithambile ezilinganisa izicubu ukuze kufezwe amajiyometri ayinkimbinkimbi angaphandle nangaphakathi kuye kwadonsela ukunaka okukhulu ngoba ukungahambisani kwazo okungokwemvelo kwemishini kungaholela ekuhlulekeni kwezicelo eziqondiwe6,7. Ukulingisa i-biomechanics eyinkimbinkimbi yezicubu zamaphaphu, okuhlanganisa ukuthamba okukhulu, ukuguquguquka, kanye nokugoba kwesakhiwo, kubeka inselelo enkulu ekwakheni amamodeli akhiqiza kabusha amaphaphu omuntu ngokunembile. Ukuhlanganiswa kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwezakhiwo zemishini nezemisebe kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwamamodeli amaphaphu ekungeneleleni kokwelapha. Ukukhiqiza okungeziwe kuye kwabonakala kusebenza kahle ekuthuthukiseni amamodeli athile esiguli, okuvumela ukwenziwa kweprototyping okusheshayo kwemiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi. UShin et al. 8 wakha imodeli yamaphaphu ephindaphindwayo, eguquguqukayo enezindlela zomoya eziphrintiwe nge-3D. UHaselaar et al. 9 bakha i-phantom efana kakhulu neziguli zangempela zokuhlola ikhwalithi yesithombe kanye nezindlela zokuqinisekisa isikhundla se-radiotherapy. UHong et al10 bakha imodeli ye-CT yesifuba besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D kanye ne-silicone casting ukuze bakhiqize ukuqina kwe-CT kwezilonda zamaphaphu ezahlukahlukene ukuze bahlole ukunemba kokulinganisa. Kodwa-ke, lezi zibonelo zivame ukwenziwa ngezinto ezinezici eziphumelelayo ezihluke kakhulu kwezezicubu zamaphaphu11.
Njengamanje, ama-phantom amaningi amaphaphu enziwe nge-silicone noma i-polyurethane foam, angahambisani nezakhiwo ze-mechanical kanye ne-radiological ze-real lung parenchyma.12,13 Ama-alginate hydrogels ayahambisana ne-bio futhi asetshenziswe kabanzi ekubunjweni kwezicubu ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ze-mechanical ezilungisekayo.14 Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqiza kabusha ukuqina okuthambile kakhulu, okufana ne-foam okudingekayo ku-phantom yamaphaphu elingisa ngokunembile ukuqina kanye nesakhiwo sokugcwalisa kwezicubu zamaphaphu kusalokhu kuyinselele yokuhlola.
Kulolu cwaningo, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi izicubu zamaphaphu ziyinto enwebekayo efanayo. Ubuningi bezicubu zamaphaphu omuntu (\(\:\rho\:\)) kubikwa ukuthi bungu-1.06 g/cm3, kanti ubuningi bephaphu elikhuphukile bungu-0.26 g/cm315. Uhlu olubanzi lwamanani e-Young's modulus (MY) ​​ezicubu zamaphaphu lutholakale kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukene zokuhlola. ULai-Fook et al. 16 balinganise i-YM yamaphaphu omuntu ngokukhuphuka okufanayo okungu-0.42–6.72 kPa. UGoss et al. 17 basebenzise i-magnetic resonance elastography futhi babike i-YM engu-2.17 kPa. ULiu et al. 18 babike i-YM elinganiswe ngqo engu-0.03–57.2 kPa. U-Ilegbusi et al. 19 balinganisela ukuthi i-YM ingu-0.1–2.7 kPa ngokusekelwe kudatha ye-4D CT etholwe ezigulini ezikhethiwe.
Ngezimpawu ze-radiological zamaphaphu, kusetshenziswa amapharamitha amaningana ukuchaza ukuziphatha kokuxhumana kwezicubu zamaphaphu nge-X-ray, okuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwe-elemental, i-electron density (\(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\)), inombolo ye-athomu esebenzayo (\(\:{Z}_{eff}\)), amandla aphakathi okuvuselela (\(\:I\)), i-mass attenuation coefficient (\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\)) kanye neyunithi ye-Hounsfield (HU), ehlobene ngqo ne-\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\).
Ubuningi be-electron \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\) buchazwa njengenani lama-electron ngevolumu yeyunithi ngayinye futhi bubalwa kanje:
lapho i-\(\:\rho\:\) ingubuningi bezinto eziku-g/cm3, i-\(\:{N}_{A}\) ingu-Avogadro constant, i-\(\:{w}_{i}\) ingu-mass fraction, i-\(\:{Z}_{i}\) iyinombolo ye-athomu, kanye ne-\(\:{A}_{i}\) ingu-athomu wesisindo se-i-th element.
Inombolo ye-athomu ihlobene ngqo nohlobo lokuxhumana kwemisebe ngaphakathi kwezinto. Kuma-compounds kanye nezingxube eziqukethe izakhi eziningana (isb., izindwangu), inombolo ye-athomu esebenzayo \(\:{Z}_{eff}\) kumele ibalwe. Ifomula yaphakanyiswa nguMurthy et al. 20:
Amandla ajwayelekile okuvuselela \(\:I\) achaza ukuthi izinto eziqondiwe zimunca kalula kangakanani amandla e-kinetic ezinhlayiya ezingenayo. Ichaza kuphela izakhiwo zezinto eziqondiwe futhi ayinalutho oluhlobene nezakhiwo zezinhlayiya. \(\:I\) ingabalwa ngokusebenzisa umthetho kaBragg wokwengeza:
I-mass attenuation coefficient \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) ichaza ukungena kanye nokukhululwa kwamandla kwama-photon ezintweni eziqondiwe. Ingabalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula elandelayo:
Lapho i-\(\:x\) ingubukhulu bezinto ezibonakalayo, i-\(\:{I}_{0}\) ingubukhulu bokukhanya kwesigameko, kanye ne-\(\:I\) ingubukhulu be-photon ngemva kokungena ezintweni ezibonakalayo. Idatha ye-\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) ingatholakala ngqo ku-NIST 12621 Standards Reference Database. Amanani e-\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) ezingxube kanye nama-compound angatholakala kusetshenziswa umthetho wokwengeza kanje:
I-HU iyiyunithi ejwayelekile engenakulinganiswa yokulinganisa i-radiodensity ekuchazeni idatha ye-computed tomography (CT), eguqulwa ngokuqondile kusukela ku-attenuation coefficient elinganisiwe \(\:\mu\:\). Ichazwa ngokuthi:
lapho \(\:{\mu\:}_{water}\) kuyi-coefficient yokunciphisa amanzi, kanye \(\:{\mu\:}_{air}\) kuyi-coefficient yokunciphisa umoya. Ngakho-ke, kusukela kufomula (6) sibona ukuthi inani le-HU lamanzi lingu-0, kanti inani le-HU lomoya lingu--1000. Inani le-HU lamaphaphu omuntu lisukela ku--600 kuya ku--70022.
Kuye kwathuthukiswa izinto eziningana ezilingana nezicubu. UGriffith nabanye 23 bathuthukise imodeli elingana nezicubu zomzimba womuntu eyenziwe nge-polyurethane (PU) lapho kwanezelwa khona amazinga ahlukahlukene e-calcium carbonate (CaCO3) ukuze kulingiswe ama-coefficients aqondile okunciphisa izitho ezahlukahlukene zabantu okuhlanganisa namaphaphu omuntu, futhi imodeli yaqanjwa ngokuthi uGriffith. UTaylor24 wethule imodeli yesibili elingana nezicubu zamaphaphu eyenziwe yiLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), ebizwa ngokuthi i-LLLL1. UTraub nabanye 25 bathuthukise indawo entsha yezicubu zamaphaphu besebenzisa i-Foamex XRS-272 equkethe i-5.25% CaCO3 njengesithuthukisi sokusebenza, eyaqanjwa ngokuthi i-ALT2. Amathebula 1 no-2 abonisa ukuqhathaniswa kwe-\(\:\rho\:\), \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\), \(\:{Z}_{eff}\), \(\:I\) kanye nama-coefficients anciphisa isisindo samaphaphu omuntu (ICRU-44) kanye namamodeli alingana nezicubu angenhla.
Naphezu kwezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zemisebe ezifinyelelwe, cishe zonke izinto ze-phantom zenziwe nge-polystyrene foam, okusho ukuthi izakhiwo zemishini zalezi zinto azikwazi ukusondela kwezamaphaphu omuntu. I-Young's modulus (YM) ye-polyurethane foam ingama-500 kPa, okuyinto engeyinhle neze uma iqhathaniswa namaphaphu omuntu avamile (cishe ama-5-10 kPa). Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa izinto ezintsha ezingahlangabezana nezici zemishini nezemisebe zamaphaphu omuntu wangempela.
Ama-hydrogel asetshenziswa kabanzi kwezobunjiniyela bezicubu. Isakhiwo sawo kanye nezakhiwo zawo zifana ne-extracellular matrix (ECM) futhi kulula ukuzivumelanisa nazo. Kulolu cwaningo, i-sodium alginate emsulwa yakhethwa njengezinto eziphilayo zokulungiselela amagwebu. Ama-alginate hydrogel ayahambisana ne-bio futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi kwezobunjiniyela bezicubu ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo zemishini ezilungisekayo. Ukwakheka kwe-elemental ye-sodium alginate (C6H7NaO6)n kanye nokuba khona kwe-Ca2+ kuvumela izakhiwo zayo ze-radiological ukuthi zilungiswe njengoba kudingeka. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwezakhiwo zemishini ezilungisekayo kanye neze-radiological kwenza ama-alginate hydrogel afaneleke ocwaningweni lwethu. Vele, ama-alginate hydrogel nawo anemikhawulo, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokuzinza kwesikhathi eside ngesikhathi semijikelezo yokuphefumula elingisiwe. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka ukuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe futhi kulindeleke ezifundweni zesikhathi esizayo ukuze kulungiswe le mikhawulo.
Kulo msebenzi, sakha i-alginate hydrogel foam material enamanani e-rho alawulekayo, ukuguquguquka, kanye nezakhiwo ze-radiological ezifana nezezicubu zamaphaphu omuntu. Lolu cwaningo luzohlinzeka ngesisombululo esijwayelekile sokwenza ama-phantom afana nezicubu anezakhiwo ze-elastic kanye ne-radiological ezilungisekayo. Izakhiwo zezinto zingalungiswa kalula kunoma yiziphi izicubu nezitho zomzimba womuntu.
Isilinganiso somoya oqondiwe kumthamo we-foam ye-hydrogel sibalwa ngokusekelwe kububanzi be-HU bamaphaphu omuntu (-600 kuya ku-700). Kwacatshangwa ukuthi i-foam yayiyingxube elula yomoya kanye ne-alginate hydrogel yokwenziwa. Kusetshenziswa umthetho olula wokwengeza izakhi ngazinye \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\), ingxenye yomthamo womoya kanye nesilinganiso somthamo we-alginate hydrogel yokwenziwa ingabalwa.
Ama-foam e-alginate hydrogel alungiswa kusetshenziswa i-sodium alginate (Ingxenye No. W201502), i-CaCO3 (Ingxenye No. 795445, MW: 100.09), kanye ne-GDL (Ingxenye No. G4750, MW: 178.14) ethengwe eSigma-Aldrich Company, eSt. Louis, MO. I-70% Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES 70) ithengwe kwa-Renowned Trading LLC. Amanzi a-deionized asetshenziswa enqubweni yokulungiselela i-foam. I-sodium alginate yancibilikiswa emanzini a-deionized ekushiseni kwegumbi ngokuxubana okuqhubekayo (600 rpm) kuze kutholakale isisombululo esikhanyayo esiphuzi esifanayo. I-CaCO3 ehlanganiswe ne-GDL yasetshenziswa njengomthombo we-Ca2+ ukuqala i-gelation. I-SLES 70 yasetshenziswa njenge-surfactant ukwakha isakhiwo esinezimbobo ngaphakathi kwe-hydrogel. Ukuhlushwa kwe-alginate kwagcinwa ku-5% kanti isilinganiso se-Ca2+:-COOH molar sagcinwa ku-0.18. Isilinganiso se-CaCO3:GDL molar sigcinwe ku-0.5 ngesikhathi sokulungiselela i-foam ukuze kugcinwe i-pH engathathi hlangothi. Inani lingu-26. 2% ngevolumu ye-SLES 70 yengezwe kuzo zonke izibonelo. Ibhekha elinesembozo lasetshenziswa ukulawula isilinganiso sokuxuba sesisombululo nomoya. Ivolumu iyonke yebhekha yayingu-140 ml. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokubala yethiyori, kwafakwa amavolumu ahlukene engxube (50 ml, 100 ml, 110 ml) ebhekha ukuze kuhlanganiswe nomoya. Isampula equkethe ama-50 ml engxube yaklanywa ukuxuba nomoya owanele, kuyilapho isilinganiso somthamo womoya kwamanye amasampula amabili salawulwa. Okokuqala, i-SLES 70 yengezwe esixazululweni se-alginate futhi yavuselelwa nge-stirrer kagesi kuze kuxutshwe ngokuphelele. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukumiswa kwe-CaCO3 kwengezwa engxubeni futhi kwavuselelwa njalo kuze kube yilapho ingxube ixubekile ngokuphelele, lapho umbala wayo ushintsha waba mhlophe. Ekugcineni, isisombululo se-GDL sengezwe engxubeni ukuze kuqalwe i-gelation, futhi kwagcinwa ukuxubana ngomshini kuyo yonke inqubo. Kusampula equkethe ama-50 ml engxube, ukuxuba ngomshini kwamiswa lapho ivolumu yengxube iyeka ukushintsha. Kumasampula aqukethe ama-100 ml kanye nama-110 ml engxube, ukuxuba ngomshini kwamiswa lapho ingxube igcwalisa i-beaker. Sizame nokulungisa ama-hydrogel foam anomthamo ophakathi kwama-50 ml nama-100 ml. Kodwa-ke, ukungazinzi kwesakhiwo se-foam kwabonwa, njengoba kwakushintshashintsha phakathi kwesimo sokuxuba umoya ophelele kanye nesimo sokulawula ivolumu yomoya, okwaholela ekulawulweni kwevolumu okungaguquki. Lokhu kungaguquki kwaletha ukungaqiniseki ekubalweni, ngakho-ke lolu hlu lwevolumu alufakwanga kulolu cwaningo.
Ubuningi be-foam ye-hydrogel bubalwa ngokulinganisa isisindo se-foam ye-hydrogel kanye nevolumu yesampula ye-foam ye-hydrogel.
Izithombe ezibonakalayo ezincane kakhulu zama-hydrogel foams zitholwe kusetshenziswa ikhamera ye-Zeiss Axio Observer A1. Isofthiwe ye-ImageJ yasetshenziswa ukubala inani kanye nokusatshalaliswa kosayizi wama-pores kusampula endaweni ethile ngokusekelwe ezithombeni ezitholiwe. Ukuma kwe-pore kucatshangwa ukuthi kuyindilinga.
Ukuze kufundwe izakhiwo zemishini zama-alginate hydrogel foams, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kokucindezela kwe-uniaxial kusetshenziswa umshini wochungechunge lwe-TESTRESOURCES 100. Amasampula asikwa abe amabhlogo angunxande futhi ubukhulu bebhloko balinganiswa ukuze kubalwe ukucindezeleka kanye nobunzima. Ijubane le-crosshead labekwa ku-10 mm/min. Kuhlolwe amasampula amathathu esampula ngayinye futhi ukuphambuka okumaphakathi kanye nokujwayelekile kwabalwa kusukela emiphumeleni. Lolu cwaningo lugxile ezimpahleni zemishini ze-alginate hydrogel foams njengoba izicubu zamaphaphu zibhekene namandla okucindezela esigabeni esithile somjikelezo wokuphefumula. Ukwanda kubaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ukukhombisa ukuziphatha okugcwele kwezicubu zamaphaphu futhi lokhu kuzophenywa ezifundweni ezizayo.
Amasampula e-foam e-hydrogel alungisiwe askeniwe kuskena se-Siemens SOMATOM Drive esineziteshi ezimbili ze-CT. Amapharamitha okuskena abekwe kanje: 40 mAs, 120 kVp kanye nobukhulu besilayidi esingu-1 mm. Amafayela e-DICOM aphume ahlaziywe kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-MicroDicom DICOM Viewer ukuhlaziya amanani e-HU ezingxenyeni ezi-5 zesampula ngayinye. Amanani e-HU atholwe yi-CT aqhathaniswa nokubalwa kwethiyori okusekelwe kudatha yobuningi bamasampula.
Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukuguqula ukwakhiwa kwamamodeli ezitho ngazinye kanye nezicubu zezinto eziphilayo zokwenziwa ngobunjiniyela bezinto ezithambile. Ukuthuthukisa izinto ezinezakhiwo zemishini neze-radiological ezihambisana nokusebenza kwamaphaphu abantu kubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okuqondiwe njengokuthuthukisa ukuqeqeshwa kwezokwelapha, ukuhlela ukuhlinzwa, kanye nokuhlela ukwelashwa ngemisebe. KuMfanekiso 1A, sidwebe umehluko phakathi kwezakhiwo zemishini neze-radiological zezinto ezithambile ezisetshenziswa ngendlela yokuthi zisetshenziswe ekwakheni amamodeli amaphaphu abantu. Kuze kube manje, kuye kwathuthukiswa izinto ezibonisa izakhiwo ze-radiological ezifunwayo, kodwa izakhiwo zazo zemishini azihlangabezani nezidingo ezifunwayo. I-polyurethane foam kanye nerabha yizinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakheni amamodeli amaphaphu abantu aguquguqukayo. Izakhiwo zemishini ze-polyurethane foam (i-Young's modulus, i-YM) ngokuvamile zinkulu ngokuphindwe kayi-10 kuya kweyi-100 kunezezicubu zamaphaphu ezivamile zabantu. Izinto ezibonisa zombili izakhiwo zemishini neze-radiological ezifunwayo azikaziwa okwamanje.
(A) Ukumelwa kwesakhiwo sezakhiwo zezinto ezithambile ezahlukahlukene kanye nokuqhathaniswa namaphaphu omuntu ngokwezinga lobuningi, i-modulus kaYoung kanye nezakhiwo ze-radiological (ku-HU). (B) Iphethini ye-X-ray diffraction ye-\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) i-alginate hydrogel ene-concentration engu-5% kanye ne-Ca2+:-COOH molar ratio engu-0.18. (C) Ububanzi bezilinganiso zevolumu yomoya kuma-foam e-hydrogel. (D) Ukumelwa kwesakhiwo sezinhlaka ze-alginate hydrogel foam ezinezilinganiso zevolumu yomoya ezahlukene.
Ukwakheka kwezakhi zama-alginate hydrogels anokuhlushwa okungu-5% kanye nesilinganiso se-Ca2+:-COOH molar esingu-0.18 kubalwe, futhi imiphumela iboniswe kuThebula 3. Ngokomthetho wokwengeza kufomula yangaphambilini (5), i-mass attenuation coefficient ye-alginate hydrogel \(\:\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) itholakala njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1B.
Amanani omoya namanzi atholakale ngqo kusizindalwazi sezindinganiso ze-NIST 12612. Ngakho-ke, iSithombe 1C sibonisa izilinganiso zomthamo womoya ezibaliwe kuma-hydrogel foam anamanani alinganayo e-HU aphakathi kuka--600 no--700 emaphashini omuntu. Isilinganiso somthamo womoya esibaliwe ngokwethiyori sizinzile ngaphakathi kuka-60-70% ebangeni lamandla kusukela ku-1 × 10−3 kuya ku-2 × 101 MeV, okubonisa amandla amahle okusetshenziswa kwe-hydrogel foam ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza ezingezansi.
Isithombe 1D sibonisa isampula ye-alginate hydrogel foam elungiselelwe. Wonke amasampula anqunywa abe ama-cubes anobude obungu-12.7 mm. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi kwakhiwa i-hydrogel foam elinganayo, enezilinganiso ezintathu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isilinganiso somthamo womoya singakanani, akukho mehluko obalulekile ekubukekeni kwama-hydrogel foam abonwe. Indlela i-hydrogel foam ezisekela ngayo iphakamisa ukuthi inethiwekhi eyakhiwe ngaphakathi kwe-hydrogel inamandla ngokwanele ukusekela isisindo se-foam ngokwayo. Ngaphandle kokuvuza kwamanzi okuncane okuvela ku-foam, i-foam iphinde yabonisa ukuzinza kwesikhashana amasonto amaningana.
Ngokulinganisa isisindo kanye nomthamo wesampula ye-foam, kwabalwa ubuningi be-foam ye-hydrogel elungisiwe \(\:\rho\:\), futhi imiphumela iboniswe kuThebula 4. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuncika kwe-\(\:\rho\:\) kusilinganiso somthamo womoya. Uma umoya owanele uxutshwe ne-50 ml yesampula, ubuningi buba phansi kakhulu futhi bungu-0.482 g/cm3. Njengoba inani lomoya oxubile lehla, ubuningi buyanda bufike ku-0.685 g/cm3. Inani eliphezulu le-p phakathi kwamaqembu angu-50 ml, 100 ml kanye no-110 ml lalingu-0.004 < 0.05, okubonisa ukubaluleka kwezibalo kwemiphumela.
Inani le-theory \(\:\rho\:\) libalwa futhi kusetshenziswa isilinganiso somthamo womoya olawulwayo. Imiphumela elinganisiwe ikhombisa ukuthi \(\:\rho\:\) lincane ngo-0.1 g/cm³ kunenani le-theory. Lo mehluko ungachazwa ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi okukhiqizwa ku-hydrogel ngesikhathi senqubo ye-gelation, okubangela ukuvuvukala futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuholele ekunciphiseni \(\:\rho\:\). Lokhu kwaqinisekiswa ngokubona ezinye izikhala ngaphakathi kwe-hydrogel foam ezithombeni ze-CT eziboniswe kuMfanekiso 2 (A, B no-C).
Izithombe ze-optical microscopy zama-foam e-hydrogel anokuqukethwe komoya okuhlukile (A) 50, (B) 100, kanye (C) 110. Izinombolo zamaseli kanye nokusatshalaliswa kosayizi we-pore kumasampula e-alginate hydrogel foam (D) 50, (E) 100, (F) 110.
Isithombe 3 (A, B, C) sibonisa izithombe ze-optical microscope zamasampula e-hydrogel foam anezilinganiso ezahlukene zevolumu yomoya. Imiphumela ikhombisa isakhiwo se-optical se-hydrogel foam, ikhombisa ngokusobala izithombe ze-pores ezinobubanzi obuhlukene. Ukusatshalaliswa kwenombolo ye-pore kanye nobubanzi kubalwe kusetshenziswa i-ImageJ. Izithombe eziyisithupha zithathwe ngesampula ngayinye, isithombe ngasinye sasinosayizi ongu-1125.27 μm × 843.96 μm, kanti indawo yonke ehlaziyiwe yesampula ngayinye yayingu-5.7 mm².
(A) Ukuziphatha kokucindezeleka okucindezelwayo kwama-alginate hydrogel foams anezilinganiso ezahlukene zevolumu yomoya. (B) Ukufakwa kwe-Exponential. (C) Ukucindezela u-E0 kwama-hydrogel foams anezilinganiso ezahlukene zevolumu yomoya. (D) Ukucindezeleka okuphezulu kokucindezela kanye nokucindezeleka kwama-alginate hydrogel foams anezilinganiso ezahlukene zevolumu yomoya.
Isithombe 3 (D, E, F) sibonisa ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wembobo kuyafana, kusukela kumashumi ama-micrometer kuya kuma-micrometer angaba ngu-500. Usayizi wembobo uyafana ngokuyisisekelo, futhi uyancipha kancane njengoba ivolumu yomoya incipha. Ngokusho kwedatha yokuhlola, usayizi wembobo ojwayelekile wesampula engu-50 ml ungu-192.16 μm, i-median ingu-184.51 μm, kanti inani lama-pores ngeyunithi ngayinye lingu-103; usayizi wembobo ojwayelekile wesampula engu-100 ml ungu-156.62 μm, i-median ingu-151.07 μm, kanti inani lama-pores ngeyunithi ngayinye lingu-109; amanani ahambisanayo esampula engu-110 ml angu-163.07 μm, 150.29 μm kanye no-115, ngokulandelana. Idatha ikhombisa ukuthi ama-pores amakhulu anethonya elikhulu emiphumeleni yezibalo zobukhulu be-pore obumaphakathi, futhi usayizi we-pore omaphakathi ungabonakalisa kangcono ukuthambekela kokushintsha kobukhulu be-pore. Njengoba ivolumu yesampula ikhuphuka kusuka ku-50 ml kuya ku-110 ml, inani lama-pores nalo liyakhula. Uma kuhlanganiswa imiphumela yezibalo yobubanzi be-pore obumaphakathi kanye nenombolo ye-pore, kungaphethwa ngokuthi ngokwandisa ivolumu, kwakheka ama-pores amaningi amancane ngaphakathi kwesampula.
Idatha yokuhlolwa komshini iboniswe kuZithombe 4A kanye no-4D. Isibalo 4A sibonisa ukuziphatha kokucindezeleka kokucindezela kwama-foam e-hydrogel alungisiwe anezilinganiso ezahlukene zevolumu yomoya. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi wonke amasampula anokuziphatha okufanayo kokucindezeleka kokucindezeleka okungekho emgqeni. Kusampula ngayinye, ukucindezeleka kwanda ngokushesha ngokucindezeleka okwandayo. Ijika le-exponential lafakwa ekuziphatheni kokucindezeleka kokucindezela kwe-foam ye-hydrogel. Isibalo 4B sibonisa imiphumela ngemuva kokusebenzisa umsebenzi we-exponential njengemodeli eseduze ne-foam ye-hydrogel.
Kuma-foam e-hydrogel anezilinganiso ezahlukene zevolumu yomoya, i-modulus yawo yokucindezela (E0) nayo yafundwa. Ngokufana nokuhlaziywa kwama-hydrogel, i-modulus ye-Compressive Young yahlolwa ebangeni lobunzima bokuqala obungu-20%. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kokucindezela iboniswe ku-Figure 4C. Imiphumela ku-Figure 4C ikhombisa ukuthi njengoba isilinganiso sevolumu yomoya sehla kusuka kusampula 50 kuya kusampula 110, i-modulus ye-Compressive Young's E0 ye-alginate hydrogel foam iyanda kusuka ku-10.86 kPa kuya ku-18 kPa.
Ngokufanayo, kutholakale amajika aphelele okucindezeleka kwama-foam e-hydrogel, kanye nokucindezeleka kokucindezela kokugcina kanye namanani okucindezeleka,. Isibalo 4D sibonisa ukucindezeleka kokucindezela kokugcina kanye nokucindezeleka kwama-foam e-alginate hydrogel. Iphuzu ngalinye ledatha liyisilinganiso semiphumela emithathu yokuhlolwa. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ukucindezeleka kokucindezela kokugcina kuyanda kusuka ku-9.84 kPa kuya ku-17.58 kPa ngokunciphisa okuqukethwe kwegesi. Ukucindezeleka kokugcina kuhlala kuzinzile cishe ku-38%.
Isithombe 2 (A, B, kanye no-C) sibonisa izithombe ze-CT zama-hydrogel foam anezilinganiso ezahlukene zomthamo womoya ezihambisana namasampula angu-50, 100, kanye no-110, ngokulandelana. Izithombe zibonisa ukuthi i-hydrogel foam eyakhiwe cishe iyafana. Inani elincane lezikhala libonwe kumasampula angu-100 kanye no-110. Ukwakheka kwalezi zikhala kungase kube ngenxa yokucindezeleka kwangaphakathi okudalwe ku-hydrogel ngesikhathi senqubo yokugaya. Sibale amanani e-HU ezingxenyeni ezi-5 eziphambene zesampula ngayinye futhi sawabala kuThebula 5 kanye nemiphumela yokubala ehambisanayo.
Ithebula 5 libonisa ukuthi amasampula anezilinganiso ezahlukene zevolumu yomoya athole amanani ahlukene e-HU. Inani eliphezulu le-p phakathi kwamaqembu angu-50 ml, 100 ml kanye no-110 ml lalingu-0.004 < 0.05, okubonisa ukubaluleka kwezibalo kwemiphumela. Phakathi kwamasampula amathathu ahlolwe, isampula enengxube engu-50 ml yayinezakhiwo ze-radiological eziseduze kakhulu nezemaphaphu omuntu. Ikholomu yokugcina yeThebula 5 umphumela otholwe ngokubala okusekelwe enanini le-foam elilinganisiwe \(\:\rho\:\). Ngokuqhathanisa idatha elinganisiwe nemiphumela yokucabanga, kungatholakala ukuthi amanani e-HU atholwe ngokuskena kwe-CT ngokuvamile aseduze nemiphumela yokucabanga, okuqinisekisa imiphumela yokubala isilinganiso sevolumu yomoya ku-Figure 1C.
Inhloso eyinhloko yalolu cwaningo ukudala izinto ezinezakhiwo zemishini neze-radiological ezifana nezemaphaphu omuntu. Le nhloso yafezwa ngokuthuthukisa izinto ezisekelwe ku-hydrogel ezinezakhiwo zemishini neze-radiological ezifanelana nezicubu eziseduze ngangokunokwenzeka nezemaphaphu omuntu. Kuqondiswa izibalo zethiyori, ama-foam e-hydrogel anezilinganiso ezahlukene zevolumu yomoya alungiswa ngokuxuba ngomshini isixazululo se-sodium alginate, i-CaCO3, i-GDL kanye ne-SLES 70. Ukuhlaziywa kwesimo kubonise ukuthi kwakhiwa i-foam ye-hydrogel eqinile enezinhlangothi ezintathu efanayo. Ngokushintsha isilinganiso sevolumu yomoya, ubuningi kanye ne-porosity ye-foam kungahlukahluka ngokuthanda. Ngokukhula kokuqukethwe kwevolumu yomoya, usayizi we-pore uyancipha kancane futhi inani le-pore liyakhula. Ukuhlolwa kokucindezela kwenziwa ukuze kuhlaziywe izakhiwo zemishini ze-foam ye-alginate hydrogel. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi i-compressive modulus (E0) etholwe ezivivinyweni zokucindezela isebangeni elifanele amaphaphu omuntu. I-E0 iyanda njengoba isilinganiso sevolumu yomoya sincipha. Amanani ezakhiwo ze-radiological (HU) zamasampula alungisiwe atholakale ngokusekelwe kudatha ye-CT yamasampula futhi aqhathaniswa nemiphumela yokubala kwethiyori. Imiphumela yayimihle. Inani elilinganisiwe lisondele kakhulu enanini le-HU lamaphaphu omuntu. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukudala amagwebu e-hydrogel alingisa izicubu ngenhlanganisela efanelekile yezakhiwo zemishini neze-radiological ezilingisa izakhiwo zamaphaphu omuntu.
Naphezu kwemiphumela ethembisayo, izindlela zokukhiqiza zamanje zidinga ukuthuthukiswa ukuze kulawulwe kangcono isilinganiso somthamo womoya kanye ne-porosity ukuze kuhambisane nezibikezelo ezivela ekubalweni kwemfundiso kanye namaphaphu omuntu wangempela ezikalini zomhlaba wonke nezendawo. Ucwaningo lwamanje lukhawulelwe nasekuhloleni imishini yokucindezela, ekhawulela ukusetshenziswa okungenzeka kwe-phantom esigabeni sokucindezela somjikelezo wokuphefumula. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo luzozuza ngokuphenya ukuhlolwa kokudonsa kanye nokuzinza komshini jikelele wezinto ukuze kuhlolwe ukusetshenziswa okungenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo zokulayisha eziguquguqukayo. Naphezu kwale mikhawulo, ucwaningo luwumzamo wokuqala ophumelelayo wokuhlanganisa izakhiwo ze-radiological kanye ne-mechanical entweni eyodwa elingisa amaphaphu omuntu.
Amasethi edatha akhiqizwe kanye/noma ahlaziywe ngesikhathi socwaningo lwamanje ayatholakala kumbhali ohambisanayo uma kucelwa ngokufanele. Kokubili ukuhlolwa kanye namasethi edatha angaphinde akhiqizwe.
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